Vocabulary 5 Flashcards
grammar
the whole system and structure of a language or of languages in general, usually taken as consisting of syntax and morphology (including inflections) and sometimes also phonology and semantics.
constituents
A constituent is a syntactical unit of language that exists within a larger sentence.
phrases
A group of words that do not use a subject or a predicate to communicate a thought and is used as part of a clause.
pronominalisation
pronominalisation (countable and uncountable, plural pronominalisations) (grammar) The replacement of a noun by a pronoun (grammar) The attachment of a pronoun to the end of a verb to indicate its subject or object
pro-form
a pro-form is a type of function word or expression that stands in for (expresses the same content as) another word, phrase, clause or sentence where the meaning is recoverable from the context.
wh-pronoun
is the formation of syntactic dependencies involving interrogative words.
movement
Movement is an operation that was introduced by transformational theories of generative grammar to characterize so-called displacement phenomena, as seen in wh-questions
coordination test
Coordination is one type of linguistic test that can be used to assess an individual’s ability to use and understand language.
gapping
is a type of ellipsis that occurs in the non-initial conjuncts of coordinate structures.
sentence-fragment
a sentence fragment is a clause that falls short of forming a complete sentence due to the absence of one or more of three key components: a subject, a verb, or a complete thought.
internal structure of phrases
phrase structure grammars model the internal structure of a sentence in terms of a hierarchically organized representation.
noun phrases
is made up of a noun and its modifiers. Modifiers that come before the noun include articles, possessive nouns, possessive pronouns, adjectives, or participles.
adverb phrases
is a multi-word expression operating adverbially: its syntactic function is to modify other expressions, including verbs, adjectives, adverbs, adverbials, and sentences.
adjective phrases
A word group that has an adjective as its head is called an adjective phrase. Note that the adjective in this phrase may be accompanied by other words such as determiners, modifiers etc.
syntactic categories
a category of words having the same grammatical properties
lexical categories
Lexical category, a part of speech such as noun, preposition, etc.
determiner
word, phrase, or affix that occurs together with a noun or noun phrase and generally serves to express the reference of that noun or noun phrase in the context.
adjective
a word that describes a noun or noun phrase.
Noun
Member of a linguistic class or category consisting of words that serve to name a person, place, thing, or concept.
phrase structure rules
a type of rewrite rule used to describe a given language’s syntax and are closely associated with the early stages of transformational grammar, proposed by Noam Chomsky in 1957.
subordinate clauses
a clause, typically introduced by a conjunction, that forms part of and is dependent on a main clause
clause
In language, a clause is a constituent that comprises a semantic predicand (expressed or not) and a semantic predicate. A typical clause consists of a subject and a syntactic predicate, the latter typically a verb phrase composed of a verb with any objects and other modifiers.
matrix clause
In linguistics (and in generative grammar in particular), a matrix clause is a clause that contains a subordinate clause. Plural: matrices. Also called a matrix or a higher clause.
predicate
The term predicate is used in one of two ways in linguistics and its subfields. The first defines a predicate as everything in a standard declarative sentence except the subject, and the other views it as just the main content verb or associated predicative expression of a sentence.
subject-verb agreement
Subject-verb agreement dictates that the subject of a sentence and its verb need to be in agreement regarding number: singular or plural.
transitive verbs
Transitive verbs are verbs that take an object, which means they include the receiver of the action in the sentence.
intransitive verbs
In grammar, an intransitive verb is a verb whose context does not entail a direct object
ditransitive verb
A ditransitive verb is a type of transitive verb. The prefix “di-” means “two,” because, with a ditransitive verb, two objects follow the verb.
direct object
A direct object is a noun that receives the action of the verb. Don’t get the direct object confused with the subject—the noun that performs the actions—or the verb itself.
indirect object
the person or thing that receives the effect of the action of a verb that has two objects: In the sentence “Give Jason some cake,” “Jason” is the indirect object.
adverbial
A word or phrase that does the same job as an adverb to modify a verb or clause.
complement
In grammar, a complement is a word, phrase, or clause that is necessary to complete the meaning of a given expression.
predicative complements
A predicative complement is the complement that is predicated by a predicate. A predicate is the completer of a sentence; a predicator (verb) + complement.
Word-class
Word classes in linguistics They are those words that express the quality of an action, an entity or an object. Some adjectives can intrinsically express more properties or qualities, others only one ( fast facts / scientific data ). It is known for having a difficult delimitation.
Manner
In articulatory phonetics, the manner of articulation is the configuration and interaction of the articulators ( speech organs such as the tongue, lips, and palate) when making a speech sound.
Place
Where the speaker is
Time
When is happening
Constituency
In grammar, a constituency is a relationship between a linguistic unit (i.e., a constituent) and the larger unit that it is a part of.
Functional Analysis
examination of how linguistic elements function on different layers of linguistic structure,
adjunct
an adjunct is an optional, or structurally dispensable, part of a sentence, clause, or phrase that, if removed or discarded, will not structurally affect the remainder of the sentence.
