Vocabulary 4 Flashcards
affix
a morpheme that is attached to a word stem to form a new word or word form.
affixation
morphological process that consists of adding an affix (i.e., a bound morpheme) to a morphological base.
agglutinating language
is a linguistic process of derivational morphology in which complex words are formed by stringing together morphemes without changing them in spelling or phonetics.
allomorph
any of two or more actual representations of a morpheme.
alternation
the phenomenon of a morpheme exhibiting variation in its phonological realization.
ambiguity
quality of language that makes a speech or written text open to multiple interpretations.
analytic language
the language that conveys relationships between words in sentences primarily through helper words (particles, prepositions, etc.) and word order, as opposed to using inflections (changing the form of a comment to convey its role in the sentence).
bound morpheme
a bound morpheme is a morpheme (the elementary unit of morphosyntax) that can appear only as part of a larger expression; a free morpheme (or unbound morpheme) is one that can stand alone.
bound root
A bound root is a bound morpheme which acts more like as a root than an affix. However, unlike the free roots, the bound roots have no meaning in isolation.
closed lexical category
Nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs are open lexical categories. In contrast, closed lexical categories rarely acquire new members
compounding
is a word formation process based on the combination of lexical elements
conjunction
A conjunction is a word that is used to connect words, phrases, and clauses.
content morpheme
is a root that forms the semantic core of a major class word.
content word
the word that conveys information in a text or speech act.
derivation
the formation of a word by changing the form of the base or by adding affixes to it (e.g., “hope” to “hopeful”).
determiner
A determiner, also called determinative, is a word, phrase, or affix that occurs together with a noun or noun phrase and generally serves to express the reference of that noun or noun phrase
form
meaningful unit of speech
free morpheme
morpheme (or word element) that can stand alone as a word.
function morpheme
A functional morpheme (as opposed to a content morpheme) is a morpheme that simply modifies the meaning of a word, rather than supplying the root meaning.
function word
a word (such as a preposition, auxiliary verb, or conjunction) that expresses primarily a grammatical relationship
fusional language
Fusional languages or inflected languages are a type of synthetic language, distinguished from agglutinative languages by their tendency to use a single inflectional morpheme to denote multiple grammatical, syntactic, or semantic features.
hierarchical structure
is a way of organizing data that is characterized by levels of increasing specificity.
homophony
A homophone is a word that is pronounced the same as another word but differs in meaning. A homophone may also differ in spelling.
incorporation
is a phenomenon by which a grammatical category, such as a verb, forms a compound with its direct object (object incorporation) or adverbial modifier while retaining its original syntactic function.
infix
is an affix inserted inside a word stem (an existing word or the core of a family of words).
inflection
is a process of word formation, in which a word is modified to express different grammatical categories such as tense, case, voice, aspect, person, number, gender, mood, animacy, and definiteness.
input
input is all the written and spoken target language that a learner encounters, whether it is fully comprehended or not.
lexical category
Lexical categories are classes of words (e.g., noun, verb, preposition), which differ in how other words can be constructed out of them.
lexicon
A lexicon is the vocabulary of a language or branch of knowledge.
morpheme
in linguistics, the smallest grammatical unit of speech; it may be a word, like “place” or “an,” or an element of a word, like re- and -ed in “reappeared.” So-called isolating languages, such as Vietnamese, have a one-to-one correspondence of morphemes to words; i.e., no words contain more than one morpheme.
morphology
study of the internal construction of words. Languages vary widely in the degree to which words can be analyzed into word elements or morphemes
open lexical category
A lexical category is open if the new word and the original word belong to the same category.
output
the amount of something produced by a person, machine, or industry
partial reduplication
involves a reduplication of only part of the word.
polysynthetic language
is more than ordinarily synthetic.
prefix
Prefixes are morphemes (specific groups of letters with particular semantic meaning) that are added onto the beginning of roots and base words to change their meaning.
preposition
a word that connects a noun, a noun phrase, or a pronoun to another word, esp.
productive
the degree to which speakers of a language use a particular grammatical process, especially in word formation.
pronoun
is a word or a group of words that one may substitute for a noun or noun phrase.
reduplicant
used in inflections to convey a grammatical function, such as plurality, intensification, etc., and in lexical derivation to create new words.
reduplication
Reduplication occupies a middle ground between concatenative and non-concatenative morphology.
root
Core of the word
simultaneous affix
Simultaneous affixes are common in signed languages and in languages with tone.
stem
In computational linguistics, the term “stem” is used for the part of the word that never changes, even morphologically, when inflected, and a lemma is the base form of the word.
Suffix
Suffixes are morphemes (specific groups of letters with particular semantic meaning) that are added onto the end of root words to change their meaning.
suppletion
In linguistics and etymology, suppletion is traditionally understood as the use of one word as the inflected form of another word when the two words are not cognate.
