Vocabulary

Question 1

symbolic thought

Answer 1

the ability to use symbols to represent concrete things

Question 2

mental images

Answer 2

symbols of objects and past experiences that are stored in the mind

Question 3

memory capacity

Answer 3

what a person does with their memory, not how much is remembered

Question 4

episodic memory

Answer 4

the memory of personal experiences and events

Question 5

preoperational stage

Answer 5

the second stage of Piaget’s cognitive development. Children reach this before they acquire logical thinking skills.

Question 6

preconceptual substage

Answer 6

substage in which children 2-4 begin to develop and understand some concepts

Question 7

intuitive substage

Answer 7

children are sometimes able to grasp a problem’s solution by relying on their mental imagery rather than using logical reasoning

Question 8

egocentrism

Answer 8

preschooler’s belief that everyone thinks in the same way and has the same ideas as they do.

Question 9

centration

Answer 9

centering attention on only one part of an object instead of seeing all parts at the same time

Question 10

transformations

Answer 10

sequences of changes

Question 11

transductive reasoning

Answer 11

mentally linking events without a logical reason

Question 12

physical attributes

Answer 12

three to four years old pay attention to color and size, while five year olds note shape.

Question 13

physical knowledge

Answer 13

knowledge acquired through observations of the physical world

Question 14

logical thinking concepts

Answer 14

not directly experienced through the senses, but are developed through thought.

Question 15

classifying

Answer 15

choosing an attribute, selecting all objects that contain it, and then recognizing objects that don’t contain it.

Question 16

seriation

Answer 16

arranging objects in order by the increasing or decreasing magnitude of one of the object’s attributes

Question 17

mental maps

Answer 17

remembered mental constructions that organize spatial relationships

Question 18

egocentric speech

Answer 18

preschoolers talk as though the listener will understand what they are trying to communicate

Question 19

monologue

Answer 19

talking to the self through thinking aloud

Question 20

collective monologue

Answer 20

talking to a group of people, but not listening to what other people are saying.

Question 21

tag questions

Answer 21

formed by making a statement and then adding yes or no to ask it

Question 22

reading readiness

Answer 22

the belief that children should be formally taught reading and writing when developmentally ready for instruction

Question 23

maturational theory of child development

Answer 23

the belief that children mature on a genetic timetable and that skills and concepts should only be taught when children are biologically ready

Question 24

emergent literacy

Answer 24

all aspects of literacy

Question 25

interactive media

Answer 25

media systems which respond to the user's actions

Question 26

noninteractive media

Answer 26

media systems over which the user has only a limited amount of control

Question 27

gender-role learning

Answer 27

knowing what behaviors are expected of males and females within one's society

Question 28

gender stability

Answer 28

the understanding that a person who is male or female will remain so throughout life

Question 29

gender constancy

Answer 29

clothing, hairstyles, and actions do not change gender.

Question 30

sex typing

Answer 30

process by which a person adopts the attributes and behaviors considered culturally appropriate for each gender

Question 31

sexual stereotyping

Answer 31

stating or even hinting that males and females always behave in certain ways

Question 32

moral development

Answer 32

process by which children develop proper attributes toward others

Question 33

moral judgment and reasoning

Answer 33

the ability to perceive an action as right or wrong

Question 34

moral character

Answer 34

acting in accordance with what is perceived as morally right

Question 35

moral emotions

Answer 35

a person's reactions to acceptable and unacceptable behaviors

Question 36

self-concept

Answer 36

the picture a person has of themselves

Question 37

initiative vs guilt

Answer 37

Erikson's third of stage of personality development, where children try new activities and feel guilt when they fail

Question 38

emotional dependency

Answer 38

the act of seeking attention, approval, comfort, and contact

Question 39

repressed jealousy

Answer 39

jealousy that is not directly expressed and may even be denied

Question 40

fear-conditioning

Answer 40

associating a fearful stimulus with a neutral stimulus

Question 41

shame

Answer 41

focused on the self and involves a loss or threat of a loss to basic security

Question 42

altruistic behaviors

Answer 42

actions that show concern for others

Question 43

self-reward

Answer 43

a person's good feelings about their actions

Question 44

tattling behaviors

Answer 44

behaviors that seek to get another child in trouble by telling adults or other children about something a child has done

Question 45

assertive

Answer 45

able to speak out, stand up for one's rights, and defend oneself

Question 46

work ethic

Answer 46

a person's sense of responsibility and diligence toward work tasks

Question 47

gender schools

Answer 47

peer groups that teach members what it means to be masculine or feminine

Question 48

guilt

Answer 48

a feeling of remorse that comes from the inner voice of conscience when a person has behaved unacceptably

Question 49

domains of self-definition

Answer 49

categories in which children can describe themselves

Question 50

shortcomings

Answer 50

areas in which children want or need to improve

Question 51

industry vs inferiority

Answer 51

Erikson's fourth stage of personality development, which involves the struggle between becoming a competent member of society and feeling of low value.

Question 52

identity vs role confusion

Answer 52

13-21, teens ask who they are.

Question 53

goal-corrected partnership

Answer 53

a relationship in which children or caregivers are willing to compromise to reach a common goal

Question 54

psychological security

Answer 54

a feeling that someone cares and will help when needed

Question 55

scapegoating

Answer 55

blaming others for one's own mistakes

Question 56

society of children

Answer 56

peer groups children form

Question 57

interpretive stage

Answer 57

Galinsky's school-age years

Question 58

interdependent stage

Answer 58

Galinsky's teen years