Chapter 15 Slideshow

Question 1

How are preschoolers’ problem solving abilities affected?

Answer 1

By past sensory and motor experiences.

Question 2

Symbolic thought

Answer 2

The ability to use symbols to represent concrete things

Question 3

Pretend play develops and changes in the following areas during preschool years:

Answer 3

• Symbol realism – go from objects that look very similar to the intended object to more abstract
  representations
• Context – go from more realistic contexts to less realistic concepts
• Roles – go from role-playing people who are very much like them to people who are very
  different from them
• Number of actions – go from one action to a sequence of actions
• Involvement of others – start pretend play alone, but will later play with other children or adults

Question 4

Mental images function in preschooler thinking in the following ways:

Answer 4

• Memories are often stored as mental images
• Imagery is crucial to language meanings (semantics)
• Imagery is involved in spatial reasoning as a person “sees” how something would look if rotated,
  turned over, or synthesized
• Mental imagery plays a crucial role in inventive or creative thinking

Question 5

Preschool drawings are meant to be….

Answer 5

Realistic.

Question 6

Memory capacity

Answer 6

what a person does with their memory, not how much is remembered.

Question 7

Working memory

Answer 7

Improvements allow preschoolers to follow directions, connect events in stories, stay true to the
pretend roles they play, play games with several rules, and follow new sequences of rules

Question 8

Preoperational stage

Answer 8

Lasts from the last year of toddlerhood to the last two years of school. Children reach this before acquiring logical thinking skills.

Question 9

Two stages of preoperational

Answer 9

1. Preconceptual (2-4, incomplete concepts)
2. Intuitive (4-7, memory and problem solving functions increase)

Question 10

Egocentrism can lead children to

Answer 10

• Think others like what they like
• Think others see objects the way they do
• Believe others understand what they’re thinking

Question 11

Transformations

Answer 11

Sequences in changes

Question 12

Reversibility

Answer 12

Reversing transformations

Question 13

Overgeneralization

Answer 13

Because something is true for one object, it is true for all objects.

Question 14

Lack of preschooler logic leads to the problems with cause and effect reasoning:

Answer 14

the belief that any observable attribute of an object can cause an effect (outcome) they
have noted
* transposition (changing of the order) of cause and effect
* mistaken linking of events occurring close in time
* belief that any event or cause must be recreated in precisely the same way to get the
same effect

Question 15

Centration

Answer 15

Centering on one object

Question 16

Making up ideas about how the world works

Answer 16

• Animism – assigning living qualities to inanimate objects
• Artificialism – belief that everything was made by a real or imaginary person
• Finalism – belief that everything has an identifiable and understandable purpose

Question 17

Seriation

Answer 17

Ordering by attribute

Question 18

How do preschoolers see cause and effect?

Answer 18

Understand many visual displays, struggle with unobservable cause-and-effect.

Question 19

Number concepts in 3 year olds

Answer 19

Centration: tend to be more focused on physical attributes.

Question 20

Number concepts in 4-5 year olds

Answer 20

Math is a logical concept, add/subtract concrete objects, make mental comparisons (4 is less than 5)