Chapter 16 Slideshow Flashcards
Responsibility
a sense of accountability and a sign of trustworthiness
How can adults help children learn responsibility?
Setting examples and tasks they can do based on their abilities.
Gender-role learning
Knowing what behaviors are expected in males and females, aids children in social relations and in development of self awareness.
Children must understand the following concepts to understand gender roles
- Gender identity- what male and female are
- Gender Stability- someone stays male or female
- Gender constancy- having attributes of the other gender does not change gender
Sex typing
Adopting the behaviors considered culturally appropriate for each gender.
Sexual stereotyping
Stating that males and females always behave in certain ways
Moral development
the process by which children
develop proper attitudes toward others based on sociocultural, familial, school,
peer, religious, and societal expectations
Kohlberg, substage 1
- Substage 1: Obedience-punishment orientation
- Sense of good or bad is directly linked to whether they get punished or not (“How can I avoid
punishment?”)
Kohlberg, substage 2
- Substage 2: Individualism and exchange
- Sense of good or bad is related to self-interest (“What’s in it for me?”)
- Exact justice in an “eye-for-an-eye” manner because they see this type of justice as fair
Factors that contribute to self concept
- Self-recognition
- Self-definition
- Self-esteem
- Self-correction
Erickson’s 3rd stage
Initiative VS Guilt.
(children try new activities and failure leads to guilt)
How many children between 2-7 have imaginary friends?
2/3
What can negative emotions in preschoolers stem from?
- Negative emotions can stem from the following stressors:
- Common childlike stressors
- Short-term stressors and “bad days”
- Long-lasting and serious stressors
Common fears at preschool age
The unknown, physical injury, pain
What can anger stem from?
Stress, fatigue, frustration, rejection
Repressed jealousy
Jealousy that is not directly expressed
Developmental stresses in preschoolers
Way of thinking – Fears can be worsened by their skewed perspectives of cause and
effect, the lack of distinction between reality and fantasy, and their tendencies to
overgeneralize.
* Lack of language skills – Preschoolers are just beginning to learn how to think about
emotions and what triggers them.
* Fearful temperament – Some preschoolers have fearful temperaments that lead to
anxiety and depression. Fear-conditioning underlies many anxiety disorders.
* Episodic memories – Preschoolers can relive stressful, fearful experiences. Recall
strengthens stress and makes it more difficult to forget. These stressful memories
may impair new memory functions, such as learning.
* Delays or illnesses – Being delayed or ill is stressful, and stress can make the delay
or illness worse
