Vocabulary 1450CE - 1750CE Flashcards

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1
Q

A document whose purchase was said to grant the bearer the forgiveness of sins

A

Indulgence

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2
Q

A European economic policy of the sixteenth through eighteenth centuries that held that there was a limited amount of wealth available and that each country must adopt policies to obtain as much wealth as possible for itself; key to the attainment of wealth was the acquisition of colonies

A

Mercantilism

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3
Q

A European economic movement in the seventeenth century that established the basis for modern science

A

Scientific Revolution

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4
Q

A government with a king or queen whose power is limited by the power of a parliament

A

Parliamentary monarchy

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5
Q

A passage through the North American Continent that was sought by early explorers to North America as a route to trade with the east

A

Northwest Passage

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6
Q

A philosophical movement in eighteenth-century Europe that was based on reason and the concept that education and training could improve human society

A

Enlightenment

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7
Q

A political unit ruled by a viceroy that was the basis of organization of the Spanish colonies

A

Viceroyalty

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8
Q

A practice in the Spanish colonies that granted land and the labor of Native Americans on that land to European colonists

A

Encomienda

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9
Q

A practice of the Ottoman Empire in which they took Christian boys from their home communities to serve as Janissaries

A

Devshirme

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10
Q

A religious movement began by Martin Luther in 1517 that attempted to reform the beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic church; it resulted in the formation of new Christian denominations

A

Protestant Reformation

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11
Q

A small, easily steerable ship used by the Spanish and Portuguese in their explorations

A

Caravel

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12
Q

A sovereign state whose people share a common culture and national identity

A

Nation-state

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13
Q

A term used in colonial Spanish America to describe a person born in the Americas of European descent

A

Creoles

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14
Q

A way of gaining knowledge by means of direct observation or experience

A

Empirical research

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15
Q

A white marble mausoleum built at Agra, India by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan (fl. 1628-58) for his favorite wife

A

Taj Mahal

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16
Q

An agent with trade privileges in early Russia

A

Factor

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17
Q

An economic concept that holds that the government should not interfere with or regulate business and industries

A

Laissez-faire economics

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18
Q

An economic system based on private ownership and opportunity for profit-making

A

Capitalism

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19
Q

An extension of the Italian Rennaissance to the nations of northern Europe; this took on a more religious nature than the Italian Rennaisance

A

Northern Rennaisance

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20
Q

French enlightenment social thinkers

A

Philosophes

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21
Q

In the Spanish and Portuguese colonies a person of mixed African and European descent

A

Mulato

22
Q

In the Spanish colonies, a replacement for the encomienda system that limited the number of working hours for laborers and provided fair wages

A

Repartimiento

23
Q

In the Spanish colonies, persons of mixed European and native descent

A

Mestizos

24
Q

In the Spanish colonies, those who were born in Europe

A

Peninsulares

25
Q

Manchurian rule of China beginning in 1644 and lasting until 1914

A

Qing dynasty

26
Q

Members of the Ottoman army, often slaves, who were taken from Christian lands

A

Janissaries

27
Q

Members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic missionary and educational order founded by Ignatius of Loyola in 1534

A

Jesuits

28
Q

Peoples from northeastern Asia who founded China’s Qing dynasty

A

Manchus

29
Q

Principles that govern nature

A

Natural laws

30
Q

Rule by a king or queen whose power is not limited by a constitution

A

Absolute monarchy

31
Q

Rulers who controlled most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries

A

Mughal dynasty

32
Q

Russian nobility

A

Boyars

33
Q

Russians who conquered and settled Siberia in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries

A

Cossacks

34
Q

Self-rule

A

Sovereignty

35
Q

The 1494 treaty in which the pope divided unexplored territories between Spain and Portugal

A

Treaty of Tordesillas

36
Q

The belief of absolute rulers that their right to govern is granted by God

A

Divine right

37
Q

The belief of Protestant reformer John Calvin that God had chosen some people for heaven and others for hell

A

Predestination

38
Q

The bloodless overthrow of English King James I and the placement of William and Mary on the English throne

A

Glorious revolution

39
Q

The church in Constantinople that was converted to a mosque after the Ottoman conquest

A

Hagia Sophia

40
Q

The concept of God common to the scientific revolution; the god was believed to have set the world in motion and then allowed it to operate by natural laws

A

Deism

41
Q

The concept that the sun is the center of the solar system

A

Heliocentric revolution

42
Q

The eighteenth-century trade network between Europe, Africa, and the Americas

A

Triangular trade

43
Q

The exchange of food, crops, livestock, and disease between Eastern and Western hemispheres after the voyages of Columbus

A

Columbian exchange

44
Q

The expansion of trade and commerce in Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries

A

Commercial revolution

45
Q

The feudal rulers of Japan who moved the capital to Edo; they ruled from 1603 to 1868

A

Tokugawa Shogunate

46
Q

The Hindu custom of secluding women

A

Purdah

47
Q

The portion of the trans-Atlantic trade that involved the passage of Africans from Africa to the Americas

A

Middle Passage

48
Q

The recapture of Muslim-held lands in Spain by Christian forces; it was completed in 1492

A

Reconquista

49
Q

The religious reform movement within the Roman Catholic Church that occurred in response to the Protestant Reformation. It reaffirmed Catholic beliefs and promoted education

A

Catholic Reformation

50
Q

The traditional legislative body of France

A

Estates-general

51
Q

Western learning embraced by some Japanese in the eighteenth century

A

Dutch learning

52
Q

Work by Martin Luther where he laid out his arguments against the Roman Catholic Church

A

Ninety-five Theses