Vocabulary 1450CE - 1750CE Flashcards
A document whose purchase was said to grant the bearer the forgiveness of sins
Indulgence
A European economic policy of the sixteenth through eighteenth centuries that held that there was a limited amount of wealth available and that each country must adopt policies to obtain as much wealth as possible for itself; key to the attainment of wealth was the acquisition of colonies
Mercantilism
A European economic movement in the seventeenth century that established the basis for modern science
Scientific Revolution
A government with a king or queen whose power is limited by the power of a parliament
Parliamentary monarchy
A passage through the North American Continent that was sought by early explorers to North America as a route to trade with the east
Northwest Passage
A philosophical movement in eighteenth-century Europe that was based on reason and the concept that education and training could improve human society
Enlightenment
A political unit ruled by a viceroy that was the basis of organization of the Spanish colonies
Viceroyalty
A practice in the Spanish colonies that granted land and the labor of Native Americans on that land to European colonists
Encomienda
A practice of the Ottoman Empire in which they took Christian boys from their home communities to serve as Janissaries
Devshirme
A religious movement began by Martin Luther in 1517 that attempted to reform the beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic church; it resulted in the formation of new Christian denominations
Protestant Reformation
A small, easily steerable ship used by the Spanish and Portuguese in their explorations
Caravel
A sovereign state whose people share a common culture and national identity
Nation-state
A term used in colonial Spanish America to describe a person born in the Americas of European descent
Creoles
A way of gaining knowledge by means of direct observation or experience
Empirical research
A white marble mausoleum built at Agra, India by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan (fl. 1628-58) for his favorite wife
Taj Mahal
An agent with trade privileges in early Russia
Factor
An economic concept that holds that the government should not interfere with or regulate business and industries
Laissez-faire economics
An economic system based on private ownership and opportunity for profit-making
Capitalism
An extension of the Italian Rennaissance to the nations of northern Europe; this took on a more religious nature than the Italian Rennaisance
Northern Rennaisance
French enlightenment social thinkers
Philosophes
In the Spanish and Portuguese colonies a person of mixed African and European descent
Mulato
In the Spanish colonies, a replacement for the encomienda system that limited the number of working hours for laborers and provided fair wages
Repartimiento
In the Spanish colonies, persons of mixed European and native descent
Mestizos
In the Spanish colonies, those who were born in Europe
Peninsulares
Manchurian rule of China beginning in 1644 and lasting until 1914
Qing dynasty
Members of the Ottoman army, often slaves, who were taken from Christian lands
Janissaries
Members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic missionary and educational order founded by Ignatius of Loyola in 1534
Jesuits
Peoples from northeastern Asia who founded China’s Qing dynasty
Manchus
Principles that govern nature
Natural laws
Rule by a king or queen whose power is not limited by a constitution
Absolute monarchy
Rulers who controlled most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries
Mughal dynasty
Russian nobility
Boyars
Russians who conquered and settled Siberia in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries
Cossacks
Self-rule
Sovereignty
The 1494 treaty in which the pope divided unexplored territories between Spain and Portugal
Treaty of Tordesillas
The belief of absolute rulers that their right to govern is granted by God
Divine right
The belief of Protestant reformer John Calvin that God had chosen some people for heaven and others for hell
Predestination
The bloodless overthrow of English King James I and the placement of William and Mary on the English throne
Glorious revolution
The church in Constantinople that was converted to a mosque after the Ottoman conquest
Hagia Sophia
The concept of God common to the scientific revolution; the god was believed to have set the world in motion and then allowed it to operate by natural laws
Deism
The concept that the sun is the center of the solar system
Heliocentric revolution
The eighteenth-century trade network between Europe, Africa, and the Americas
Triangular trade
The exchange of food, crops, livestock, and disease between Eastern and Western hemispheres after the voyages of Columbus
Columbian exchange
The expansion of trade and commerce in Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries
Commercial revolution
The feudal rulers of Japan who moved the capital to Edo; they ruled from 1603 to 1868
Tokugawa Shogunate
The Hindu custom of secluding women
Purdah
The portion of the trans-Atlantic trade that involved the passage of Africans from Africa to the Americas
Middle Passage
The recapture of Muslim-held lands in Spain by Christian forces; it was completed in 1492
Reconquista
The religious reform movement within the Roman Catholic Church that occurred in response to the Protestant Reformation. It reaffirmed Catholic beliefs and promoted education
Catholic Reformation
The traditional legislative body of France
Estates-general
Western learning embraced by some Japanese in the eighteenth century
Dutch learning
Work by Martin Luther where he laid out his arguments against the Roman Catholic Church
Ninety-five Theses
