Vocab Unit 5 Flashcards
Agriculture
the science of farming, including the growing of crops and the rearing of animals
Climate
the weather conditions prevailing in an area in general or over a long period
Subsistence agriculture
when farmers grow food crops to meet the needs of themselves and their families
Commercial agriculture
when the grown or reared food is produced for sale
Intensive agriculture
farmers use large amounts of inputs to maximize yields
Extensive Agriculture
uses few amounts of inputs which result in less yields
Intensive Commercial Agriculture
heavy amounts of investments in labor and capital to sell for high yields and profits
Intensive Subsistence Agriculture
labor and animal intensive to meet the needs of themselves
Extensive Subsistent Agriculture
few inputs are used with few outputs
Extensive commercial agriculture
low amounts of inputs with the intent to sell the product for profit
Capital
money invested in land, equipment, and machines
Pastoral nomadism
type of extensive subsistent agriculture that relies on animals for meat, shelter, and bartering for crops
Shifting cultivation
type of extensive subsistent agriculture where farmers use a piece of land until it loses fertility and move on. not sustainable
Plantation
large commercial farm that specializes in one crop
Mixed crop and livestock farming
farm that grows crops and rears livestock. the crops produced are mostly eaten by livestock
Grain farming
used in dry climates and is usually wheat
Commercial gardening
gardening on a larger scale to produce food in bulk
Market gardening
when food is grown near an urban market and sold to local suppliers, stores, and restaurants
Dairy farming
farms that supply milk products from various livestock
Milk shed
the distance milk is able to be delivered due to advances in refrigeration
Mediterranean agriculture
practiced in regions with dry summers, mild winters, and narrow valleys. herders practice transhumance
Transhumance
seasonal herding of animals from higher elevations in the summer to lower elevations in the winter
Livestock ranching
the commercial grazing of animals confined to a certain area, found in areas that are too dry to grow crops
Clustered (nucleated) settlements
groups of homes located near each other
Dispersed settlements
patterns in which farmers lived in homes spread across the countryside
Linear settlement
buildings are organized close to a body of water or along a transportation route
Metes and Bounds
used to mark plot boundaries, metes used for short distances, bounds covering larger areas
Public land survey system/Township & range system
created consistent sized rectangular plots
Townships
areas 6 miles long and 6 miles wide
Section
square mile within a township consisting of 640 acres
French long-lot system
farms were long, thin sections of land perpendicular to a river
First (Neolithic) agricultural revolution
origin of farming. marked by the domestication of plants and animals
Animal domestication
began with horses and dogs, later expanded to pigs, sheep, and cattle
Plant domestication
began with vegetative farming, later planted seeds. allowed people to live in permanent communities
Fertile Cresent
first major agricultural hearth. occurred in southwest Asia
Independent innovation
crops and animals were domesticated in multiple regions with no interaction between people
Columbian exchange
global movement of plants and animals between Afro-Eurasia and the Americas
Second agricultural revolution
used advances of the industrial revolution to increase food supplies and fuel population growth
Enclosure acts
enabled landowners to purchase land for their own use
Crop rotation
planting different crops in a sequence to restore nutrients to the soil
Irrigation
applying controlled amount of water to plants using different technology
Third agricultural revolution
expanded mechanization of farming, used scientific techniques to advance production
Green revolution
Dr. Norman Borlaug, developed resistant crops to feed a growing population
Hybridization
breeding two plants with desirable characteristics to create a seed with both
Genetically modified organism (GMO)
using engineering techniques to change the DNA of a seed
Bid-rent theory
distance-decay relationship, land close to urban areas is more valuable
Capital intensive
uses expensive machinery and other inputs
Labor intensive
relies on tons of workers, who are usually low-paid
Factory farming
capital intensive where many animals are kept in close quarters and bred in a controlled environment
Aquaculture
intensive farming. fish, shellfish, or water plants are raised in netted areas
Double cropping
planting and harvesting a crop two or more times per year on the same plot of land
Intercropping (multicropping)
when farmers grow two or more crops at the same time on the same field
Monoculture
only one crop is grown or one type of animal is raised per season
Monocropping
only one crop is grown or one type of animal is raised year after year
