Vocab Unit 5

Question 1

Agriculture

Answer 1

the science of farming, including the growing of crops and the rearing of animals

Question 2

Climate

Answer 2

the weather conditions prevailing in an area in general or over a long period

Question 3

Subsistence agriculture

Answer 3

when farmers grow food crops to meet the needs of themselves and their families

Question 4

Commercial agriculture

Answer 4

when the grown or reared food is produced for sale

Question 5

Intensive agriculture

Answer 5

farmers use large amounts of inputs to maximize yields

Question 6

Extensive Agriculture

Answer 6

uses few amounts of inputs which result in less yields

Question 7

Intensive Commercial Agriculture

Answer 7

heavy amounts of investments in labor and capital to sell for high yields and profits

Question 8

Intensive Subsistence Agriculture

Answer 8

labor and animal intensive to meet the needs of themselves

Question 9

Extensive Subsistent Agriculture

Answer 9

few inputs are used with few outputs

Question 10

Extensive commercial agriculture

Answer 10

low amounts of inputs with the intent to sell the product for profit

Question 11

Capital

Answer 11

money invested in land, equipment, and machines

Question 12

Pastoral nomadism

Answer 12

type of extensive subsistent agriculture that relies on animals for meat, shelter, and bartering for crops

Question 13

Shifting cultivation

Answer 13

type of extensive subsistent agriculture where farmers use a piece of land until it loses fertility and move on. not sustainable

Question 14

Plantation

Answer 14

large commercial farm that specializes in one crop

Question 15

Mixed crop and livestock farming

Answer 15

farm that grows crops and rears livestock. the crops produced are mostly eaten by livestock

Question 16

Grain farming

Answer 16

used in dry climates and is usually wheat

Question 17

Commercial gardening

Answer 17

gardening on a larger scale to produce food in bulk

Question 18

Market gardening

Answer 18

when food is grown near an urban market and sold to local suppliers, stores, and restaurants

Question 19

Dairy farming

Answer 19

farms that supply milk products from various livestock

Question 20

Milk shed

Answer 20

the distance milk is able to be delivered due to advances in refrigeration

Question 21

Mediterranean agriculture

Answer 21

practiced in regions with dry summers, mild winters, and narrow valleys. herders practice transhumance

Question 22

Transhumance

Answer 22

seasonal herding of animals from higher elevations in the summer to lower elevations in the winter

Question 23

Livestock ranching

Answer 23

the commercial grazing of animals confined to a certain area, found in areas that are too dry to grow crops

Question 24

Clustered (nucleated) settlements

Answer 24

groups of homes located near each other

Question 25

Dispersed settlements

Answer 25

patterns in which farmers lived in homes spread across the countryside

Question 26

Linear settlement

Answer 26

buildings are organized close to a body of water or along a transportation route

Question 27

Metes and Bounds

Answer 27

used to mark plot boundaries, metes used for short distances, bounds covering larger areas

Question 28

Public land survey system/Township & range system

Answer 28

created consistent sized rectangular plots

Question 29

Townships

Answer 29

areas 6 miles long and 6 miles wide

Question 30

Section

Answer 30

square mile within a township consisting of 640 acres

Question 31

French long-lot system

Answer 31

farms were long, thin sections of land perpendicular to a river

Question 32

First (Neolithic) agricultural revolution

Answer 32

origin of farming. marked by the domestication of plants and animals

Question 33

Animal domestication

Answer 33

began with horses and dogs, later expanded to pigs, sheep, and cattle

Question 34

Plant domestication

Answer 34

began with vegetative farming, later planted seeds. allowed people to live in permanent communities

Question 35

Fertile Cresent

Answer 35

first major agricultural hearth. occurred in southwest Asia

Question 36

Independent innovation

Answer 36

crops and animals were domesticated in multiple regions with no interaction between people

Question 37

Columbian exchange

Answer 37

global movement of plants and animals between Afro-Eurasia and the Americas

Question 38

Second agricultural revolution

Answer 38

used advances of the industrial revolution to increase food supplies and fuel population growth

Question 39

Enclosure acts

Answer 39

enabled landowners to purchase land for their own use

Question 40

Crop rotation

Answer 40

planting different crops in a sequence to restore nutrients to the soil

Question 41

Irrigation

Answer 41

applying controlled amount of water to plants using different technology

Question 42

Third agricultural revolution

Answer 42

expanded mechanization of farming, used scientific techniques to advance production

Question 43

Green revolution

Answer 43

Dr. Norman Borlaug, developed resistant crops to feed a growing population

Question 44

Hybridization

Answer 44

breeding two plants with desirable characteristics to create a seed with both

Question 45

Genetically modified organism (GMO)

Answer 45

using engineering techniques to change the DNA of a seed

Question 46

Bid-rent theory

Answer 46

distance-decay relationship, land close to urban areas is more valuable

Question 47

Capital intensive

Answer 47

uses expensive machinery and other inputs

Question 48

Labor intensive

Answer 48

relies on tons of workers, who are usually low-paid

Question 49

Factory farming

Answer 49

capital intensive where many animals are kept in close quarters and bred in a controlled environment

Question 50

Aquaculture

Answer 50

intensive farming. fish, shellfish, or water plants are raised in netted areas

Question 51

Double cropping

Answer 51

planting and harvesting a crop two or more times per year on the same plot of land

Question 52

Intercropping (multicropping)

Answer 52

when farmers grow two or more crops at the same time on the same field

Question 53

Monoculture

Answer 53

only one crop is grown or one type of animal is raised per season

Question 54

Monocropping

Answer 54

only one crop is grown or one type of animal is raised year after year