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AP Psychology > Vocab - Unit 0 > Flashcards

Vocab - Unit 0 Flashcards

1
Q

Scientific Method is what

A

process for evaluating ideas

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2
Q

how is psychology a science?

A

Underlying all science is exploration & understanding without misleading

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3
Q

key elements of the scientific attitude

A
  1. curiosity - does it work
  2. skepticism - how do you know
  3. humility - pursue further
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4
Q

Hindsight Bias is

A

tendency to believe after learning an outcome that one would have foreseen it - “I knew it all along”

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5
Q

Constructing Theories - How do theories advance psychological science

A

Theory - explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations & predicts behaviors or events
A theory summarizes & simplifies

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6
Q

Falsifiability is

A

the possibility that an idea, hypothesis, or theory can be disproven by observation or experiment

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7
Q

Operationalization is

A

the process of connecting abstract concepts to variables so they can be measured or observed

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8
Q

example of operationalization

A

suppose a researcher wants to study the concept of anxiety. They might operationalize it by measuring anxiety levels using a standardized questionnaire or by observing physiological changes, like increased heart rate.

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9
Q

What are the non-experimental methods

A

case study, naturalistic observations, and surveys

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10
Q

what is a case study

A
  • one individual or group is studied in depth
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11
Q

what is a naturalistic observation

A
  • technique of observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations
  • does not explain behavior, only describes it
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12
Q

what is a survey

A
  • technique for obtaining self-reported attitudes or behaviors by questioning random people
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13
Q

Two types of wording effects

A
  • social-desirability Bias
    and
  • self-report bias
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14
Q

what is social-desirability bias

A

tendency to respond in way the person thinks the reporter expects them to

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15
Q

what is self-report bias

A

tendency for people to not accurately report their behaviors

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16
Q

what is sampling bias

A

flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample (generalize from a few vivid but unrepresentative cases)
conducting research with a group of participants that do not accurately represent the population

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17
Q

what is a random sample

A

sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

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18
Q

what is correlation

A

a measure of the extent to which two factors (variables) relate, & thus how well either factor predict the other

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19
Q

what is the correlation coefficient

A

a statistical measure of the relationship between two variables (from -1.00 to +1.00)

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20
Q

what is illusionary correlation

A

perceiving a relationship where none exists, or perceiving a stronger-than-actual relationship
- thinking you play better when you wear your lucky socks.

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21
Q

what is regression towards the mean

A

tendency for extreme or unusual scores or events to fall back (regress) toward the average
ex. Students who score much higher or much lower on a test than they usually do are more likely, when retested, to go back to their average

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22
Q

independent variable

A

Variable being manipulated by experimenter - the variable you can control

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23
Q

dependent variable

A

Variable being impacted by IV in an experiment

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24
Q

what is the experimental group

A

group that receives the treatment (independent variable)

25
what is the control group
group that does not receive the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.
26
what is a random assignment
assigning participants to either the control or experimental group by chance, minimizing preexisting differences between group
27
what is a confounding variable
a different variable that is not the IV that can impact the results of an experiment
28
Standard Deviation
computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score - Low standard deviation = scores cluster around the mean - high standard deviation = scores vary a lot from the mean
29
statistical significance
statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance, assuming there is no difference between the populations being studied
30
what is a null hypothesis
Begin with assumption that there is no difference - something doesn't not cause something else to happen
31
what is an alternative hypothesis
the IV does effect the dependent variable - something does cause something else to happen
32
what is P-value
statistical measuring indicating the probability of result
33
what does a p value less than or equal to 0.05 mean
results would occur less than 5% of the time assuming null hypothesis is true (p≤.05 = reject null, the test hypothesis is false and should be rejected) P>=0.05 means fail to reject the null, hypothesis is null hypothesis (that the distribution is normal) is accepted.)
34
what is the empirical approach
A study conducted via careful observations and scientifically based research.
35
what is structuralism
using introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind
36
who described the system of structuralism
Wundt and Titchener
37
what is functionalism
how mental and behavioral process enable humans to adapt and survive
38
who established functionalism
William James
39
what is behaviorism
the theory that all behaviors are determined entirely by external stimuli in the environment
40
who established behaviorism
Edward Thorndike, John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner, and Ivan Pavlov
41
what is Natural Selection
organisms that are more adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and pass on the genes that aided their success
42
what is the testing effect
self-testing + rehearsal of material is more beneficial than just rereading
43
what does SQ3R stand for
Survey: scanning the content and notice organization Question: know the question and try to answer it, failing helps to learn Read: actively search for the answer while reading Retrieve: go back to the main ideas, test yourself Review: read over any notes + check understanding
44
what is replication
reproducing a study to see if you get the same results.
45
what is preregistration
publicly communicating planned study design, hypotheses, data collection, and analyses
46
what is Meta-analysis
analyzing the results of multiple studies to reach a conclusion
47
what is the double-blind procedure
an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or placebo.
48
what is the placebo effect
Where a patient sees a beneficial effect of a fake medication or treatment because they have the expectation of it working.
49
what is informed consent
giving a potential subject time to ask questions and consider whether or not they want to participate in a study
50
what is psychodynamic - thumb for the past
How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts from the past of the person life that cause internal tension (dreams, past)
51
what is behaviorism - middle finger because kids learn from what they see
How we learn observable responses and experiences. (rewards and punishments, shaping, learned)
52
what is humanistic - ring finger, marriage = love
How we strive for personal growth (love, self love)
53
what is cognitive - pointer finger, points to the brain
How we encode, process, store, and retrieve information. (thinking, processing)
54
what is the biological perspective - pinky
how our biology (neurotransmitters, chemicals, hormones, etc.) impact out behavior. How the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences
55
what is the evolutionary perspective
How evolution influences behavior (anything related to ancestors) (evolving, ever-changing)
56
what is the social-cultural perspective - wrist
how expectations of the society and culture humans are raised in impact their behavior (social environment, peers)
57
what are the 5 research methods
case study, correlation, experimentation, survey, and naturalistic observation
58
what is experimentation
the researcher manipulates one variable (independent variable) to determine its effect on another variable (dependent variable). - there's a placebo
59
what is the correlation method
research conducted to assess the relationship among two or more variables. ho each variable predicts the other

AP Psychology (6 decks)

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