Vocab Exam 2

Question 1

Urotomy

Answer 1

Tail breakage, defense mechanism

Question 2

Caudal Autotomy

Answer 2

Breakage occurs along single or multiple fracture planes associated with specific vertebrae and muscle bundles
Tail loss under control of animal
Regeneration occurs; tail shorter supported by cartilaginous rod
Most Lizards except agamids

Question 3

Pseudoautotomy

Answer 3

Tail breaks between vertebrae; animal has to be restrained and/or twisted
Tail loss is not under control of animal
Does not regenerate
Some genera of lizards and colubrids

Question 4

Acrodont

Answer 4

Attached at both labial and lingual sides by bone; permanent and not replaced

Question 5

Pleurodont

Answer 5

Attached on labial side by bone, supported on lingual side by thin basal plate, replaced continuously, tooth embedded in jawbone and attached on labial pleura of bone; on lingual side attached by basal plate (Most Squamates)

Question 6

Modified Pleurodont

Answer 6

Attached on labial side by bone; attached on lingual side directly with jaw bone and supported by shallow pocket (theca)

Question 7

Aglyph

Answer 7

Homodont maxillary dentition (Colubrids)

Question 8

Opisthoglyph

Answer 8

Posterior teeth enlarged (Rear-fanged – colubrids)

Question 9

Proteroglyph

Answer 9

Anterior teeth enlarged and hollow (elepids); maxilla enlarged; fang not erected

Question 10

Solenoglyph

Answer 10

Anterior teeth enlarged and hollow (viperids); maxilla short; fang erected by rotation of maxilla

Question 11

What are the 3 categories of venom

Answer 11

Hemorrhagins – destroy blood vessel linings or hemolysins (destroy red blood cells) - vipers
Myotoxins – destroy skeletal muscles
Neurotoxins – act at synaptic or neuromuscular junctions - elapids
Some exceptions to general patterns

Question 12

Pit organ

Answer 12

infrared receptors – pick up heat

Thin, innervated membrane stretched across open cavity
Detection of infrared radiation changes as small as .0003 degrees Celsius
Changes relayed to brain via trigeminal nerve
Allows for precise directionality and distance to infrared source

Question 13

Dome pressure receptors

Answer 13

sensory organ along dorsal and ventral surface of head
Organs are able to detect surface waves at air-water interface; from prey, predator or raindrops

Question 14

Biogeography

Answer 14

study of past and present animal and plant distribution and diversity
seeks to delineate patterns and understand forces that create and maintain them
History of life and of Earth are intimately connected

Question 15

What are the 2 types of biogeographic data?

Answer 15

Data on organisms (distributions, species diversity, phylogeny, ecological tolerances and demographic properties ex dispersal capabilities and population structure) - present
Help to analyze present distributions
Formulate hypotheses about historical diversification

Data on Earth History (post continental movements, changes in climate or sea levels, fragmentation of geographic ranges, opportunities for dispersal) -past
Temporal and spatial contexts are critical

Question 16

Ecological biogeography

Answer 16

concerned with ecological factors influencing distribution of species

Question 17

Historical biogeography

Answer 17

Focuses on relationships between distributions of species their evolutionary diversifications physical history of earth

Question 18

Island biogeography

Answer 18

methods for analyzing extinction, dispersal, and geography specifically applied to patterns of biodiversity on islands

Question 19

Phylogeography

Answer 19

focuses on microevolutionary processes (ex population genetics, demography) with broader scale patterns of distributions and species histories

Question 20

What are the 2 Biogeographic Processes

Answer 20

Dispersal – organisms have migrated across pre-existing barriers to create their present distribution

Vicariance – separation of a once continuous range by a barrier (ex. River, mountain ranges, oceans)

Question 21

Subduction

Answer 21

Land masses collide forming of mountain ranges

Question 22

Hotspot plume

Answer 22

Volcanic islands

Question 23

Skin- Major sense organs in some reptiles

Answer 23

Mechanoreceptor sites – scales of most squamates and head scales of crocodilians – scale organ
Phrynosoma – probably detect vibrations through soil rainfall or surface predators
Acrochordus – ant help detect prey in murky waters
Erpeton – highly vascularized; probably mechanoreceptors

Question 24

Skin Shedding

Answer 24

Skin shedding – occurs when stratum germinativum cells (dermis) move into stratum corneum (epidermis) and shed individually
Lepidosaurs- synchronous production of an epidermal generation entire skin is shed or in large fragments

Question 25

Automictic facultative Parthenogenesis

Answer 25

individual females with in a population occasionally reproduce parthenogenetically
Populations are bisexual
Snake families (Acrochordidae; Cloubridae; Thamnophis)

Question 26

What are Setae?

Answer 26

hair-like projections of highly modified scales