Phylogeny Flashcards
Founder of binomial nomenclature
Carl von Linné
What are the parts of the binomial nomenclature?
Genus + specific epithet = species
What is the term for classifications based on presumed evolutionary relationships?
Phylogenetic nomenclature
What is a derived character?
Differs from ancestral form also called apomorphy
Apomorphy
Derived character
Synapomorphy
Shared derived character by 2 or more taxa
Autapomorphy (Homoplasy)
Derived character not present in all taxa; evolved independently in different groups; convergence
Plesiomorphy
Ancestral character (ex. Ectothermy)
Cladogram
Phylogenetic tree/diagram based on the hypotheses about evolutionary relationships
Parsimony
Cladogram with fewest character changes
Synapomorphies
Sharing of characteristics ex. non-pedicellate teeth present in Sirenidae and ancestral tetrapods but absent in other salamanders
Sister group
2 adjacent branches on a cladogram (ex. Reptilian and Mammalia)
Outgroup
Lineage outside of a clade ( ex. Lissamphibia and mammilia are outgroups to reptilians)
Anapsid skull
Lacks an opening (tempora fenestra)
Synapsid skull
Single opening (temporal fenetra) in lower portion of temporal region
Name all parts of the phylogeny
- Tetrapods
- Gymnophiona
- Urodela
- Anura
- Mammalia
- Testudinia
- Squamata
- Amphisbaenians
- Serpents
- Lizards
- Lizards
- Rhynochocephalia
- Testudinia
- Crocodylia
- Aves
- Lissamphibia
- Amniotes
- Reptilia
- Diapsida
- Lepidosuria
- Archosauria
- Synapsida
- Anapsida
- Plesiomorph
- Sister taxa
- Outgroup
- What is this whole diagram and 2. what is an example of a clade
- Cladogram
- Gymnophiona, Urodela, and Anura (2,3,4)
