Phylogeny Flashcards
Founder of binomial nomenclature
Carl von Linné
What are the parts of the binomial nomenclature?
Genus + specific epithet = species
What is the term for classifications based on presumed evolutionary relationships?
Phylogenetic nomenclature
What is a derived character?
Differs from ancestral form also called apomorphy
Apomorphy
Derived character
Synapomorphy
Shared derived character by 2 or more taxa
Autapomorphy (Homoplasy)
Derived character not present in all taxa; evolved independently in different groups; convergence
Plesiomorphy
Ancestral character (ex. Ectothermy)
Cladogram
Phylogenetic tree/diagram based on the hypotheses about evolutionary relationships
Parsimony
Cladogram with fewest character changes
Synapomorphies
Sharing of characteristics ex. non-pedicellate teeth present in Sirenidae and ancestral tetrapods but absent in other salamanders
Sister group
2 adjacent branches on a cladogram (ex. Reptilian and Mammalia)
Outgroup
Lineage outside of a clade ( ex. Lissamphibia and mammilia are outgroups to reptilians)
Anapsid skull
Lacks an opening (tempora fenestra)
Synapsid skull
Single opening (temporal fenetra) in lower portion of temporal region
Diapsids skull
2 openings
Lissamphibia
Means smooth; Urodela, Anura, Gymnophiona
Amniotes
Possess series of extra embryonic membranes
Paedomorphosis
Retention of juvenile characteristics in adult stages of an organism
Name all parts of the phylogeny
- Tetrapods
- Gymnophiona
- Urodela
- Anura
- Mammalia
- Testudinia
- Squamata
- Amphisbaenians
- Serpents
- Lizards
- Lizards
- Rhynochocephalia
- Testudinia
- Crocodylia
- Aves
- Lissamphibia
- Amniotes
- Reptilia
- Diapsida
- Lepidosuria
- Archosauria
- Synapsida
- Anapsida
- Plesiomorph
- Sister taxa
- Outgroup
- What is this whole diagram and 2. what is an example of a clade
- Cladogram
- Gymnophiona, Urodela, and Anura (2,3,4)
