Vocab 9 Flashcards
1
Q
-ate (-atus)
Verb-Forming Suffixes
A
‘to make’, ‘to treat’, ‘to do something with’
* alleviate, obviate, illuminate
NOTE: This suffix often combines with the suffix -ion to form a noun (e.g. illumination = “the act of making/bringing in light”)
2
Q
-fy (-ficere)
Verb-Forming Suffixes
A
‘to make’, ‘to cause’
- terrify, liquify, pacify
NOTE: The adjective ending that corresponds to -fy is -fic, ‘making’, ‘causing’ (e.g. terrific, pacific)
3
Q
-igate, -egate (-atus)
Verb-Forming Suffixes
A
‘to make’, ‘to drive’
- mitigate, fumigate, navigate, variegate
4
Q
-esce (-escere)
Verb-Forming Suffixes
A
‘to begin’, ‘to be somewhat’
- effervescent, convalescent, arborescent
5
Q
AG-, ACT- (ago → actus)
A
‘to do’, ‘to drive’, ‘to act’
- ACT-ion;
- AG-ile;
- CUTI-re-ACT-ion, a local skin
reaction following inoculation with
or the application of extracts of
pathogenic organisms
6
Q
ALB- (albus)
A
‘white’
- ALBI-FACT-ion, the act or process
of blanching or rendering white; - ALBUM-in, a protein substance
found in nearly every animal and
some vegetable tissue; - ALBUR-num, sapwood or splint
wood (i.e., the soft, white substance
between the inner bark and true
wood)
7
Q
ARC(U)- (arcus)
A
‘bow’, ‘arch’
- ARC-ade;
- ARCI-FER-ous, applies to the
pectoral arch of toads; - ARC-iform, shaped like an arch or a
bow; - ARCU-alia, small, cartilaginous
pieces, dorsal and central, fused or
free, on the vertebral column of
fishes
8
Q
CALCAR- (calcar)
A
‘spur’
- CALCAR-ine, a fissure extending to
the hypocampal gyrus on the medial
surface of the cerebral hemisphere; - CALCAR-ate, having a spur or spurlike point
NOTE don’t confuse with the root CALC-
‘limestone’ and CALC- ‘heel’ of Lists 8 and 10.
9
Q
CAUL- (caulis)
A
‘stem’, ‘stalk’
- CAULI-COL-ous, applies to fungi
growing on plant stems; - CAUL-ine, pertaining to a stem
(applies to leaves growing on the
upper portion of a stem; - FILI-CAUL-ine, with a threadlike
stem
10
Q
CAV- (cavus)
A
‘hollow’
- CAVI-CORN, hollow-horned;
- inter-CAV-it-ary, within a CAV-ity
11
Q
CER- (cera)
A
‘wax’
- CERI-FER-ous, wax-bearing, waxy;
- CERE-ous, waxy
12
Q
CING-, CINCT- (cingo → cinctus)
A
‘to bind’, ‘to gird’
- pre-CINCT;
- suc-CINCT;
- CING-ulum, a girdle or the waist;
- sub-CING-ulum, the lower lip part of
the cingulum of rotifers; - CING-ul-ectomy, the surgical
removal of the cingulate gyrus (in
the brain)
13
Q
CLIV- (clivus)
A
‘slope’
- pro-CLIV-ity;
- de-CLIVE, a lower or descending
part; - CLIVUS, a slope;
- post-CLIV-al, the fissure behind the
clivus of the cerebellum
14
Q
COCT- (coquo → coctus)
A
‘to cook’, ‘to boil’
- con-COCT-ion, preparation made by
combining different crude
ingredients; - COCTO-STA-ble, able to withstand
the temperature of boiling water
without change
15
Q
CUSP-, CUSPID- (cuspis, cuspidis)
A
‘point’
- CUSP, a pocket or fold in the wall of
the heart or a major blood vessel that
fills and distends if the blood flows
backwards, so forming part of a
valve; a cone-shaped prominence on
the surface of a tooth; a sharp rigid
point of a leaf; bicuspid, having two
cusps or points; a tooth with two
cusps, especially a human premolar
tooth; - bi-CUSP-id, having two cusps, as
bicuspid teeth, or as the mitral valve
of the heart
16
Q
CUT-, CUSS- (-cutio → -cussus)
A
‘to shake’, ‘to strike’
- con-CUSS-ion, shock, the state of
being shaken, a severe shaking or
jarring of a part; - per-CUSS-ion, the act of firmly
tapping the surface of the body with
a finger or a small hammer to elicit
sounds or vibratory sensations of
diagnostic value
NOTE: not to be confused with the homonymous
CUT- ‘skin’ of List 8.
17
Q
DOL- (doleo)
A
‘to feel pain’, ‘to cause pain’
- con-DOL-ence;
- in-DOL-ent, sluggish, usually
applied to slowness in healing or
growing, as an indolent ulcer, or
causing little or no pain, as an
indolent tumour
18
Q
EBURN- (ebur; eburnus)
A
‘ivory’
- EBURN-eous, ivory white, white
more or less tinged with yellow; - EBURN-itis, increased hardness and
density of the tooth enamel
19
Q
FASCI- (fascia)
A
‘band’
- FASCIA, thin sheath of fibrous
tissue enclosing a muscle or organ; - FASCI-ated, showing abnormal
fusion of parts or organs, resulting in
a flattened ribbon-like structure; - FASCI-ola, a narrow colour-band;
- FASC-itis, inflammation of a fascia
20
Q
FENESTR- (fenestra)
A
‘window’, ‘opening’
- FENESTR-ate, having small
perforations or transparent spots
(applies to insect wings); - CRANIO-FENESTR-ia, congenital
bony defect involving the total
thickness of the skull, lacuna skull
21
Q
FERR- (ferrum)
A
‘iron’
- FERR-ic, relating to iron;
- FERR-ule, a ring or cap, typically a
metal one, which strengthens the end
of a handle, stick, or tube and
prevents it from splitting or wearing; - FERR-ous, containing or consisting
of iron; - FERRI-HAEMO-GLOB-in,
haemoglobin in which the iron is
normally in a ferrous state
NOTE: not to be confused with the similar FER- ‘to
bear’ of List 6.
22
Q
FIL- (filum)
A
‘thread’
- FILI-GER-ous, with threadlike
outgrowths or flagella; - FIL-ar-iasis, a diseased state due to
the presence of nematode worms of
the super family Filarioidea
23
Q
FLAGELL- (flagellum)
A
‘whip’, ‘whip-like appendage’
- FLAGELL-ate;
- FLAGELL-um, a slender thread-like
structure, especially a microscopic
whip-like appendage which enables
many protozoa, bacteria,
spermatozoa, etc. to swim; - FLAGELL-in, the structural protein
of bacterial flagella
24
Q
FLAV- (flavus)
A
‘yellow’
- FLAV-edo, yellowness of the skin;
- FLAV-in, one of a group of yellow
pigments isolated from various plant
and animal sources
25
FLOCC- (floccus)
‘tuft, as of wool’
* FLOCCUS, a tuft of wooly hairs on
a plant;
* FLOCC-ose, covered with woollike
tufts (applies to bacterial growths)
26
FOR- (foro)
'to bore’, ‘to pierce’
* FOR-amen, the opening through the
coats of an ovule, or any small
perforation;
* FOR-amin-ule, a minute foramen;
* FOR-amini-FER-a, an order of
protozoans with calcareous shells
with minute openings for
pseudopodia
27
FOV- (fovea)
‘pit’
* FOVEA, a small pit, fossa or
depression, or a small hollow at leaf
base;
* FOVE-ate, pitted;
* FOVE-ol-ate, having regular, small
depressions
28
FUNG- (fungus)
‘mushroom’, ‘fungus’
* FUNGI-VOR-ous, fungus-eating
animals and plants;
* FUNG-at-ion, the act of growing up
rapidly, like a fungus (as certain
pathologic growths);
* FUNG-os-ity, fungous excrescence,
fungous quality
29
GLABR- (glaber, glabris)
‘hairless’, ‘smooth’
* GLABR-ous, free from hair or down,
smooth (chiefly of the skin or a leaf);
* GLAB-ella, the smooth part of the
forehead above and between the
eyebrows
30
GLOMER- (glomus, glomeris)
‘ball of yarn’
* GLOMUS, a fold of the mesothelium
containing a ball of blood vessels;
* con-GLOMER-ation, that which is
made up of parts from various
sources
31
GLUTIN- (gluten, glutinis)
‘glue’
* GLUTEN, a mixture of proteins
found in the seeds of cereals, which
confers the property of toughness to
dough;
* GLUTIN-ous, viscid, gluelike
32
HAL-, HALIT- (halo; halitus)
‘to breathe’
* HALIT-us, a vapour, as that expired
by the lungs;
* HALIT-osis, the state of having
offensive breath
NOTE: not to be confused with Greek root HAL-
‘salt’ of List 5
33
HI-, HIAT- (hio → hiatus)
‘to stand open’
* HIAT-us, a space or opening;
* de-HI-sc-ence, the spontaneous
opening of an organ or structure
along certain lines in a definite
direction;
* in-de-HI-sc-ent, not splitting at
maturity (applies to certain fruits)
34
I-, IT- (eo → itus)
‘to go’
* in-IT-ial;
* ex-IT;
* ob-IT-uary;
* amb-IT-us, the outer edge or margin
or the outline of an echinoid shell
viewed from the apical pole;
* ab-I-ent, tending away from the
source of stimulus (opp. ad-I-ent)
35
LABI-, LABR- (labium or labrum)
‘lip’
* LABIUM, lip, liplike structure;
* LABIO-GRESS-ion, location of the
anterior teeth in front of their normal
position
NOTE: careful not to confuse with similar LAB-
‘fall’ of List 7
36
LAMIN- (LAMELL-) (lamina)
‘thin plate’; ‘little plate’ (lamella),
diminutive form.
* LAMIN-ate;
* LAMELLA, a plate or layer;
* LAMELLI-CORN, having antenna
joints expanded into flattened plates;
* LAMIN-ectomy, surgical removal of
one or more neural laminas of the
vertebrae
37
LAT- (latus)
‘broad’, ‘wide’
* di-LAT-ion;
* LATI-SQUAM-ate, broad-scaled
NOTE: don’t confuse with below.
38
LAT- (fero → latus)
‘to bear’, ‘to carry’
* re-LATE;
* e-LAT-ed;
* trans-LATE;
* ab-LAT-ion, removal of a part by
amputation, excision, etc.
NOTE: don’t confuse with above.
39
LEV- (levis)
‘light’ (in weight)
* LEV-ity;
* LEV-er;
* e-LEV-at-or, an instrument for
lifting a part or for extracting the
roots of teeth;
* al-LEVI-at-ion, the modification of
symptoms, the lessening of pain
NOTE: don’t confuse with homonymous LEV- ‘left’
of List 8
40
LIEN- (lien)
‘spleen’
* LIEN-al, pertaining to the spleen
(applies to an artery, vein, or nerve
plexus);
* GASTRO-LIEN-al, pertaining to the
stomach and spleen
41
LIG- (ligo)
‘to bind’
* ob-LIG-at-ion;
* al-LIG-at-or;
* LIG-ament, a band of tough, flexible
connective tissue;
* LIG-at-ure, a cord or thread for tying
vessels or the act of tying or binding
42
LIGN- (lignum)
‘wood’
* LIGNE-ous, woody, of the nature of
wood;
* LIGN-in, a complex substance
which, associated with cellulose,
causes the thickening of plant cell
walls, and so forms wood
43
LIQU- (liquo)
‘to be liquid’
* LIQUE-FACT-ion, conversion of
material into liquid form
44
LONG- (longus)
‘long’
* LONGI-tude;
* LONGI-CORN, having long
antennae, former term for longhorn
beetle;
* LONGI-MAN-ous, long-handed
45
LUMIN- (lumen, luminis)
‘light’
* LUMEN, the cavity of a tubular part
of an organ, or the central cavity of a
plant cell;
* SONO-LUMIN-esc-ence, the
emission of light by various liquids
when traversed by high-frequency
sound or ultrasonic waves
46
MAN(U)- (manus)
‘hand’
* MANU-FACT-ure,
* MANU-SCRIPT;
* BI-MAN-ous, having two hands
(applies to certain primates);
* MANU-DUCT-ion, operation
performed by the hands in surgical
and obstetric practice
47
MEAT- (meo → meatus)
‘to go’, ‘to pass’
* MEATUS, an opening or passage;
* MEAT-itis, inflammation of the wall
of a meatus;
* SUPRA-MEAT-al, applies to
triangle and spine over external
acoustic meatus
48
MIT(T)-, MIS(S)- (mitto → missus)
‘to send’, ‘to let go’
* e-MISS-ary, any venous channel
through the skull connecting the
venous sinuses with the diploic veins
and veins of the scalp;
* intro-MISS-ion, insertion, the act of
putting in, the introduction of one
body into another
NOTE: not to be confused with the Greek roots MIT-
‘thread’ or MIS- ‘hate’ of Lists 4 and 3.
49
MUC- (mucus)
‘mucus’
* MUCI-fic, mucus-secreting;
* MUCO-CUT-aneous, pertaining to
skin and mucous membrane
50
NAS- (nasus)
‘nose’
* NAS-al;
* NAS-al-ize;
* NASO-GASTR-ic, reaching or
supplying the stomach via the nose;
* NASO-PHARYNX, the upper part
of the pharynx, connecting with the
nasal cavity above the soft palate
51
NIGR- (niger, nigeris)
‘black’
* NIGR-esc-ent, nearly black, blackish
52
NUC- (nux, nucis)
‘nut’
* NUC-leus;
* NUC-le-ase, an enzyme that cleaves
the chains of nucleotides in nucleic
acids into smaller units;
* NUC-ellus, the central part of an
ovule, containing the embryo sac;
* NUC-le-olus, a small dense spherical
structure in the nucleus of a cell
during interphase.
53
NUTRI-, NUTRIT- (nutria → nutritus)
‘to nourish’
* NUTRIC-ism, a relationship of two
animals with all the benefit to one
partment;
* NUTRI-ent, that which affords
nutrition
54
OS-, OR- (os, oris)
‘mouth’
* OR-al;
* OS-culum, a large aperture in a
sponge through which water is
expelled;
* OS-CUL-ate, to kiss;
* OS-CUL-ar, relating to kissing (or to
an osculum)
NOTE: don’t confuse with OSS- below.
55
OSS- (os, ossis)
‘bone’
* OSS-icle, any small bone;
* DERMO-OSSI-FIC-at-ion, a bone
formed in the skin
NOTE: don’t confuse with OS- above.
56
PALLI- (pallium)
‘mantle’, ‘covering’
* PALLI-um, (in zoology) the mantle
of a mollusc or brachiopod, (in
anatomy) the outer wall of the
mammalian cerebrum, corresponding
to the cerebral cortex;
* PALLI-ate, to make (a disease or its
symptoms) less severe without
removing the cause;
* PALLI-at-ive, relieving pain without
dealing with the cause of the
condition
57
PALP- (palpo)
‘to touch’, ‘to stroke’
* im-PALP-able, not capable of being
felt, imperceptible to touch;
* PALP-it-at-ion, any heart action of
which the patient is conscious
* PALPO-CIL, a stiff, sensory
filament attached to sense cells of
Hydromedusae
58
PLEX- (plecto → plexus)
‘to interweave’, ‘to braid’
* PLEXUS, a network of interlacing
nerves or anastomosing blood
vessels or lymphatics;
* PLEX-iform, resembling a plexus or
network;
* PLEX-ODONT, having molar teeth
with complicated crown patterns and
multiple roots
NOTE: don’t confuse with Greek root PLEX- ‘strike’
of List 1
59
PRON- (pronus)
‘inclined’, ‘face-down’
* Prone, lying flat, especially face
downwards
* PRON-ator, a muscle whose
contraction produces or assists in the
pronation of a limb or part of a limb.
60
PROXIM- (proximus)
‘near’, ‘nearest’; ‘nearest the body’)
* PROXIM-ate, nearest, immediate (as
proximate cause);
* PROXIM-al, in dentistry, surface of
a tooth next to the adjacent tooth;
* PROXIMO-LABI-al, pertaining to a
tooth’s proximal and labial surfaces
61
PUNG-, PUNCT- (pungo → punctus)
‘to prick’, ‘point’
* com-PUNCT-ion;
* PUNCT-uate;
* PUNCT-il-ious;
* PUNCT-iform, having the nature of
qualities of a point, or seeming to be
located at a point (of a sensation), or
in bacteriology, very minute
colonies;
* PUNG-ent, ending in a rigid and
sharp point
62
RIG- (rigeo)
‘to be stiff’
* RIG-id, stiff or hard;
* RIG-esc-ent, becoming rigid;
* RIGID-itas, stiffness, rigidity
63
RUB(R)- (ruber)
'red’
* BILI-RUBR-in, a reddish-yellow
pigment of bile and blood;
* RUBIGIN-ose, of a brownish-red
tint, rust-coloured;
* e-RUB-esc-ent, blushing red
64
SAC(C)- (saccus
‘bag’, ‘sac’
* SACC-ate, dilated to form a sac;
* SACC-ule (SACC-ulus), a small sac,
pouch, or cyst
65
SCRIB-, SCRIPT- (scribe → scriptus)
‘to write’
* de-SCRIBE;
* pre-SCRIBE;
* sub-SCRIBE;
* circum-SCRIPT, a marginal
sphincter when sharply defined, as in
sea anemones
66
SEP-, SEPT- (septum)
‘to separate’, ‘wall’
* SEPTUM, a partition, a dividing
wall between two spaces or cavities;
* e-SEPT-ate, not supplied with septa;
* SEPT-ectomy, excision of part of the
nasal septum
NOTE: don’t confuse with Greek root SEP- ‘rot’ of
List 4 or the Latin SEPT- ‘7’ of List 10.
67
SINISTR- (sinister)
'left’
* SINISTER;
* SINISTRO-TORS-ion, a twisting or
turning toward the left;
* SINISTR-in, a levorotatory
polysaccharide
68
SIN(U)- (sinus)
‘curve’, ‘hollow’, ‘cavity’
* in-SINU-ate, suggest or hint in an
indirect and unpleasant way;
* SINUS, a cavity within a bone or
other tissue, especially one in the
bones of the face or skull connecting
with the nasal cavities;
* SINU-ate, having a wavy or sinuous
margin; with alternate rounded
notches and lobes;
* SINU-ous, having many curves and
turns;
* SINUS-oid, a small irregularly
shaped blood vessel found in certain
organs, especially the liver
69
SPIN- (spina)
‘thorn’, ‘spine’
* SPIN-ul-ate, covered with spines;
* SPIN-ul-at-ion, a defensive spiny
covering, or the state of being
spinulate
70
SPIR- (spiro)
‘to breathe’
* SPIRIT;
* con-SPIRE;
* a-SPIR-at-or, a negative pressure
apparatus for withdrawing liquids
from cavities;
* su-SPIR-at-ion, a sigh, the act of
sighing;
* tran-SPIR-at-ion, exhalation of
vapour through pores or stomata
NOTE: don’t confuse with Greek root SPIR- ‘coil’ of
List 5
71
STA-, STAT- (sto → stare, status)
‘to stand’
* circumstance;
* distant;
* extant;
* instant;
* status;
* substance;
* STA-ble, not liable to undergo
chemical decomposition, radioactive
decay, or other physical change;
STA-bile, stationary;
* DI-ST-al, situated away from the
centre of the body or from the point
of attachment
NOTE: Very similar to the Greek root STA- “stand”
of List 2.
72
STIP-, STIPIT- (stipes, stipitis)
‘stalk’
* STIPIT-ate, stalked;
* STIP-ule, one of two membranes or
foliaceous processes developed at the
base of a leaf petiole;
* BI-STIP-ul-ate, provided with two
stipules
73
STRAT- (stratum)
‘layer’
* BI-STRAT-ose, with cells arranged
in two layers;
* STRAT-iform, applies to
fibrocartilage coating osseous
grooves
74
STRU-, STRUCT- (struo → structus)
‘to construct’, ‘to build’
* STRUCT-ure;
* de-STRUCT-ion;
* ob-STRU-ent, obstructing, tending to
obstruct
75
TERMIN- (terminus)
‘end’, ‘boundary’
* ab-TERMIN-al, going from the end
inward;
* at-TERMIN-al, toward the terminal;
* co-TERMIN-ous, having the same or
coincident boundaries
76
TUM- (tumeo)
‘to swell’
* TUM-esc-ent, swollen, enlarged;
* de-TUM-esc-ence, subsidence of a
swelling (esp. of erecto-sexual
organs following orgasm)
77
UMBR- (umbra)
‘shade’, ‘shadow’
* UMBR-age;
* ad-UMBR-ate;
* ex-UMBR-al, pertaining to the
rounded upper surface of a jellyfish;
* ob-UMBR-ate, with some structure
overhanging the parts so as partially
to conceal them;
* UMBR-aculum, any umbrellalike
structure
78
UNGU- (unguis)
‘nail’ (of finger or toe)
* UNGUI-FER-ate, having nails,
claws or hooklike processes;
* UNGUI-cul-ata, Mammalia with
nails or claws as distinguished from
hoofed mammals and cetaceans
79
VEL- (velum)
‘veil’, ‘covering’
* VELUM, a membrane or structure
similar to a veil;
* VELI-GER, second stage in larval
life of certain molluscs when the
head bears a velum
NOTE: not to be confused with VELL- ‘tear’ of List
10.
80
VISCER- (viscus)
‘entrails’
* e-VISCER-at-ion, removal of
internal organs;
* VISCERO-SENS-ory, relating to
sensation in the viscera
81
VITR- (vitrum)
‘glass’
* VITR-eous, like glass in appearance;
82
VARI- (varius)
‘varied’, ‘changing’, ‘spotting’
* VARI-ous;
* VARI-ety;
* VARI-egate-d, marked with different
colours;
* VARI-CELLA, chickenpox
83
VENTR- (venter)
‘belly’
* VENTRI-LOQU-ism; V
* ENTR-icle, a cavity or chamber, as
of the heart or brain;
* BI-VENTR-al, applies to muscles of
the biventer type (= digastric, each of
a pair of muscles which run under
the jaw and act to open it, from
GAST- ‘belly’ because the muscle
has two fleshy parts or ‘bellies’ at an
angle, connected by a tendon)
* VITR-esc-ent, capable of or
susceptible to being turned into
glass;
* VITR-eous HUM-our, the
transparent jelly-like tissue filling the
eyeball behind the lens (cf. aqueous
humour);
* VITR-ectomy, the surgical operation
of removing the vitreous humour
from the eyeball
84
VOLV-, VOLUT- (volvo → volutus)
‘to roll’, ‘to turn’
* in-VOLVE;
* re-VOLUT-ion;
* VOLUTE;
* ob-VOLUTE, bent downward and
inward (applies to wings, elytra of
insects);
* VOLV-ulus, a twisting of the bowel
upon itself occluding the lumen.
