Vocab

Question 1

1-more single adults
2-postponed marriages (education/career)
3-decreased chidbearing
4-more women are employed
5-more divorce
6-more single parent families
7-more children living in poverty
8-more remarriage 
9-more multigenerational families

Answer 1

How have families changed in the last half of the 20th century?

Question 2

– –. anxiety or uneasiness that new residents may feel upon attempting to assimilate a new culture and its traditions

Answer 2

Acculturation stress

Question 3

___ ____ Parenting. a mixture of authoritative and authoritarian parenting styles that is associated with favorable outcomes in African-American families

Answer 3

No-nonsense parenting

Question 4

• adoptive parents/children share no genes, and the rearing environments provided may not be as closely compatible of this that they would have for their biological children
• also, many adoptees have been neglected/abused prior to adoption

Answer 4

adopted children are more likely to show learning and emotional difficulties than other children

Question 5

• they are a TINY bit more likely to be gay (but barely)

- there’s literally no difference

Answer 5

child outcomes in gay and lesbian families?

(i.e., are there any consistent differences between children of gay/lesbian families and children of heterosexual families?)

Question 6

different studies say different things

- some say it leads to higher levels of anxiety, poor academic performance, more 		delinquent/antisocial conduct
- others say that none of these things happen
- in general, it’s probably to impact low SES and younger kids a lot more

Answer 6

Research on developmental outcomes of self-care (or latchkey) children

Question 7

a willingness to strive to succeed at challenging tasks and to meet high standards of accomplishment

Answer 7

achievement motivation

Question 8

a desire to acheive in order to satisfy one’s personal needs for competence or mastery

Answer 8

intrinsic orientation

Question 9

a desire to achieve in order to earn external incentives such as grades, prizes, or the approval of others

Answer 9

extrinsic orientation

Question 10

disposition describing one’s tendency to approach challenging tasks and take pride in mastering them

Answer 10

motive to achieve success

Question 11

disposition describing one’s tendency to shy away from challenging tasks so as to avoid the embarrassment of failing

Answer 11

motive to avoid failure

Question 12

a tendency to persist at challenging tasks because of a belief that one has the ability to succeed and/or that earlier failures can be overcome by trying harder

Answer 12

mastery orientation

Question 13

a tendency to give up or to stop trying after failing because these failures have been attributed to a lack of ability that one can do little about

Answer 13

learned helplessness orientation

Question 14

therapeutic intervention in which helpless children are persuaded to attribute failures to their lack of effort rather than a lack of ability

Answer 14

What is attribution retraining?

Question 15

• parents who stress independence training (doing things on one’s own)
• parents who stress direct achievement training (setting high but attainable standards for kids and stressing doing things well)
• parents who are not overly critical of occasional failures
• Authoritative parenting style

Answer 15

What type of child-rearing practices foster achievement motivation?

Question 16

• parents adjust their expectancies to the actual ability (competence) of their children
• the higher the expectancies are, the more successful they will be

Answer 16

How do parent expectancies influence child achievement?

Question 17

the use of computers to teach new concepts and practice academic skills

Answer 17

What is computer-assisted instruction?

Question 18

1-benefits cognitive skills and academic performance
2-benefits social skills (closer friendships, able to explore emerging sexual identities in an anonymous way)
3-benefits health-(research sexual risk/matters, and other illnesses esp in developing countries)

Answer 18

What are some benefits of internet exposure?

Question 19

1-violent video games can instigate aggression
2-lack of access to the internet is leaving lower SES kids behind
3-kids can be exposed to inappropriate content on the web
4-internet is used for recruiting cults/hate organizations etc.

Answer 19

What are some concerns with computer usage?

Question 20

___ ___: noncircular objectives of schooling such as teaching children to cooperate, respect authority, obey rules, and become good citizens

Answer 20

What is an informal curriculum?

Question 21

• A phenomenon whereby characteristics of the student and of the school environment interact to affect student outcomes, such that any given educational practice may be effective with some students but not with other

Answer 21

What is aptitude-treatment interaction (ATI)?

Question 22

Mixed-age interactions tend to be unbalanced, with one child (the older one) possessing more power than the others, but this might help children acquire certain social competencies

Answer 22

What are the benefits and drawbacks of engaging in mixed-age interactions?

Question 23

___ ___ are thoughts, actions, and emotional regulatory activities that enable children to achieve personal or social goals while maintaining harmony with their social partners.

Answer 23

Social Skills

Question 24

_____ describes the child’s willingness to engage other in social interaction and to seek their attention or approval.

Answer 24

Sociabilty

Question 25

Developmenal _____

• autonomy from parents and peers
• gain status as a grown up
• evolutionary: distance themselves from their family members to avoid incestuous relationships

Answer 25

What are the developmental functions of dating relationships?

Question 26

Parents serve as booking agents for peer interaction

Answer 26

How do parents influence peer sociability?

Question 27

Improve ____?

• reinforcement and modeling therapies
• coaching
• Social problem-solving training
• academic-skills training

Answer 27

How can we improve social skills of rejected children?

Question 28

costs of ___.

• co-rumination (obsessively discuss their personal problems)
• poor social skilled children have non-supportive friendships that lack trust and have lots of conflict, developmental issues

Answer 28

What are some costs of friendships?

Question 29

– —. conflicts stemming from differences in the values and practices advocated by parents and those advocated by peers

Answer 29

cross-pressures