Parenting and Family

Question 1

1. Socialization (the process by which children acquire the beliefs, values, and behaviors considered desirable or appropriate by their culture or subculture)
2. Reproduction
3. Promotes personal growth (parents might help children foster a sense of purpose)
4. Perpetuate social order

Answer 1

The Four Functions of Families

Question 2

The process by which children acquire the beliefs, values, and behaviors considered desirable or appropriate by their culture or subculture

Answer 2

Socialization

Question 3

High Acceptance, high control. Flexible, democratic, warm, accepting, provide guidance and control

Answer 3

Authoritative Parenting Style

Question 4

Low acceptance, high control. Restrictive, set rules, expect obedience, rely on power to elicit compliance

Answer 4

Authoritarian

Question 5

High acceptance, low control. Accepting but lax, few demands and rarely attempt to control child’s behavior.

Answer 5

Permissive

Question 6

Low acceptance, low control. extremely lax and undemanding style, reject the child or are too busy to bother raising them

Answer 6

Uninvolved

Question 7

Arguably the best parenting style. Consistently associated with positive developmental outcomes. Communication, caring, concern, exercises control in a reasonable way, sets realistic standards and allows autonomy

Answer 7

Authoritative Parenting

Question 8

Authoritative- less in minority, more in euro-american families, Authoritarian- more in minority, more in lower socioeconomic classes, most specifically Asian

Answer 8

Ethnic and SES differences in parenting styles

Question 9

Jobs that require obedience to an authority - lower SES - authoritarian parenting style prepares the child for this.

Increased stress leads to less sensitivity to children - too stressed to be the sensitive parent they want to be

Answer 9

Skills hypothesis

Conger’s Family Distress Model

Theories that explain SES and ethnic/cultural differences in parenting styles

Question 10

Having at least one authoritative parent is the best outcomes for children, but it is best to have two authoritative parents (inconsistent with one authoritative is better than consistent with non-authoritative)

Answer 10

Studies on consistency in parents

Question 11

Constellation of attitudes towards the child that are communicated to the child and create an emotional climate in which the parent’s behaviors are expressed, the emotional climate produced by parent

vs

Specific behaviors defined by specific content and socialization goals, observable, definable behaviors

Answer 11

Parenting Style vs Parenting Practices

Question 12

Important developmental task for adolescents

Capacity to make one’s own decisions independently

Ability to serve as one’s own source of emotional strength

Ability to manage one’s life tasks without depending on others

Answer 12

Autonomy

Question 13

Parent-child relationships in adolescence, controversial over ____. Presents view issues as social-conventional (they have the responsibility to monitor and regulate their teen), teens view issues as personal rights (they should be able to decide to clean their room or not) ___.

Answer 13

Social Domain Theory, autonomy

Question 14

(1/2) Learn from your sibling, want to be like your sbiling

Answer 14

Social Learning Theory of Sibling Relationships

Question 15

(2/2) want to be completely opposite of your sibling, want to stand out from your sibling

Answer 15

Sibling deidentification Theory of Sibling Relationships

Question 16

Relatively high self-esteem and achievement motivation

More obedient and slightly more intellectually competent than children with siblings

Parents have more time to spend on the child teaching

Likely to establish very good relations with peers

Answer 16

Only Children

Question 17

Families operate in a way that helps meet goals, make decisions, and resolve conflicts between family members.

Assumption: there are several subsystems that are part of a larger family system (such as Spousal subsystem, Parent-Child subsystem, Sibling subsystem, etc.)

Answer 17

Family Systems Theory

Question 18

Key construct in Family Systems Theory. Families are NOT just a group of individuals

Need to understand the interaction between the individuals

The interactions make the family what it is

Answer 18

Wholeness

Question 19

Key construct in Family Systems Theory.

Anything that affects one person will, to some degree, affect the others in the family system

Mom having a bad day at work throws everyone off

Answer 19

Interdependence

Question 20

Key construct in Family Systems Theory.

Recognizable patterns that help guide behavior

Every family has a set of patterns, ex. bedtime routine

Helps to regulate and guide behavior, anticipate what type of interactions we are going to see

Traditions - family Thanksgiving traditions, christmas: cinnamon rolls

Answer 20

Patterns

Question 21

Key contstruct in Family System Theory.

Families have similar goals, but reach them in different ways

Produce healthy, well functioning, well socialized adults

Answer 21

Equifnality

Question 22

Key construct in Family System Theory

Need to adjust family patterns to deal with challenges

Answer 22

Adaptation

Question 23

Key construct in Family System Theory.

Maintain stability over time
Balance between stability and adapting as challenges are thrown at us

Answer 23

Homeostasis

Question 24

Family systems -

____ define the family system: establish limits, differentiate between members and non-members, and define subsystems in the family

Prevent conflict spillover and regulate intimacy and closeness

Answer 24

Boundaries

Question 25

Family systems ``` Flexible boundaries (move and adjust as needed) Easy flow and exchange of info between other families and individuals Open to input from external sources Receptive to change Usually healthy ``` vs Rigid boundaries Maintain status quo Change is resisted No external input

Answer 25

Open vs Closed Family systems

Question 26

Family Systems - Pathological Triangles Mom and Child vs Dad

Answer 26

Parent-Child Coalition

Question 27

Family Systems - Pathological Triangles Mom and dad fighting with child in the middle

Answer 27

Triangulation

Question 28

Family Systems - Pathological Triangles Mom and dad vs kid Some problem with the kid, the parents are so focused on this that they are attacking the problem but aren't kind to each other We see the kid as a problem and are working on it

Answer 28

Detouring Attacking

Question 29

Family Systems - Pathological Triangles Mom and dad vs kid The child has medical issues, and is seen as delicate

Answer 29

Detouring Supportive

Question 30

(1/4) explanations for link between marital conflict and child problems Social learning theory - children imitate behaviors of parents Learn poor conflict strategies, teaches aggressive behavior is appropriate and permitted

Answer 30

Modeling

Question 31

(2/4) explanations for link between marital conflict and child problems Focuses more on cognition and how children perceive conflict 4 important cognitive contributions: 1. Appraisal of conflict meaning 2. Degree of perceived threat 3. Attributions of cause and blame 4. Coping efficacy

Answer 31

Cognitive-Contextual Influences

Question 32

(3/4) explanations for link between marital conflict and child problems Focuses more on emotions and feelings of security in the family Chronic marital conflict leads to increased emotional arousal and feelings of emotional insecurity Child becomes hypersensitive to conflict, may either avoid or intervene in conflict, has trouble soothing self

Answer 32

Emotional Security Theory

Question 33

(4/4) explanations for link between marital conflict and child problems Marital conflict may influence how parents deal with their children - Increase inconsistencies in parenting - Reduce parental involvement with child - Decrease sensitivity to child’s needs

Answer 33

Spillover Hypothesis

Question 34

The Initial Stage: Right after parents inform the child Increase in aggression and unhappiness The Transition Stage: 1-3 years after separation Restructuring new family patterns The Restabilization Stage: 5 years after separation New family system is completely instituted

Answer 34

Divorce

Question 35

Both parents become less effective - focus on their own emotional needs, invest less on being sensitive caregivers Allow behaviors they wouldn’t allow before - more permissive Immature behaviors, fewer responsibilities, etc. Mothers show less affection then before Fathers become much more permissive and indulgent (so real) More difficult for mothers when children return to her Economic Changes. Usually kids end up with mom, who normally has lower earning potential

Answer 35

Short Term Effects of Divorce

Question 36

Behavior Problems, mostly due to financial strain Boys show aggressive and compulsive behaviors Girls have problems with self-esteem and maintaining quality relationships Risk for dropping out of school More likely to divorce as adults It is better to be in a stable, single-parent home then a conflict-ridden two parent home

Answer 36

Long Term Effects of Divorce

Question 37

Injuries sustained by a child as a result of physical abuse, usually inflicted by an adult caregiver Doctors see multiple broken bones = child abuse, doctors shouldn't be fooled by the parents lying

Answer 37

Battered Child Syndrome

Question 38

Physical Abuse (punching, kicking, biting etc - not always intentional, often trying to control child) Psychological/Emotional Abuse - speech, actions and interactions that destroy emotional well-being and a sense of self-worth (Verbal harassment, taunting, vicious teasing, etc.) Neglect - Failure to provide for children’s basic physical, educational, or emotional needs (abandonment, allow truancy, inattention to children's need for affection, medical neglect) Sexual Abuse - Forcing, tricking, or coercing sexual behavior between a child and an older person (fondling, penetration, voyerism, pornography)

Answer 38

Child Abuse

Question 39

- Parents with alcohol or drug problems - Parents were maltreated as children - Abusive moms are usually young, poverty-stricken, poorly educated, have little help raising the children - Emotionally insecure - Interpret child’s irritability or independence as disrespectful or rejecting - Favor authoritarian control and rely on punitive technique

Answer 39

Characteristics of abusers

Question 40

- Intellectual deficits & academic difficulties - Depression, social anxiety, low self-esteem - Disturbed relationships with teachers and peers - Physically Abused Children show lack of normal empathy in response to distress of peers - Sexually Abused Children: emotionally disregulated , engage in sexualized behaviors, display posttraumatic stress disorder

Answer 40

Consequences of child abuse