vocab 1

Question 1

linguistic competence

Answer 1

a speaker’s implicit, internalized knowledge of the rules of their language

Question 2

linguistic performance

Answer 2

a speaker’s actual use of language in real situations; what the speaker actually says, including grammatical errors and other non-linguistic features such as hesitations and other disfluencies (contrasted with linguistic competence)

Question 3

performance error

Answer 3

Performance errors are those errors made
by learners when they are tired or hurried. Normally, this type
of error is not serious and can be overcome with little effort
by the learner.

Question 4

speech communication chain

Answer 4

as the connection(s) between a talker and a listener via an auditory, a visual and/or an electric channel .

Question 5

speech communication chain steps

Answer 5

1. Sender has a thought, the thought must be encoded
2. Selection of words - lexicon is inventory of words that represents your thoughts, you pull from it to form words/phrases and combine them
3. Following Rules - use syntax to properly phrase thoughts
4. Nerve Impulses - signals get transported through neural pathways to motor nerves
5. Muscle Movements - nerves driving our vocal muscles to produce sound which then activates the lungs, moves tongue to articulate, the lips, the hand, and your face
6. Sound Waves - when noise comes out you are producing sound waves

Question 6

noise

Answer 6

Sound or a sound of any kind

Question 7

Lexicon

Answer 7

the vocabulary of a language or of an individual

Question 8

mental grammar

Answer 8

the system that all speakers of a language have in their minds, which allows them to understand each other. The mental grammar of every language includes phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics.

Question 9

language variation

Answer 9

involves the study of how language varies among different groups of speakers and the relationship of this variation to social factors.

Question 10

descriptive grammar

Answer 10

is a set of rules about language based on how it is actually used. In a descriptive grammar there is no right or wrong language.

Question 11

evidence that writing and language are not the same (list 4 reasons)

Answer 11

1. Most people acquire the spoken language (at least of their own native tongue) intuitively, whereas the written form is in most cases deliberately taught and learned. Spoken texts are far longer, normally (in the sense that they contain more words), than a representation of the same information in writing.
2. Speech is usually transient, unless recorded, and speakers can correct themselves and change their utterances as they go along.
3. Writers receive no immediate feedback from their readers, except in computer-based communication.
4. Some grammatical constructions are only used in writing, as are some kinds of vocabulary

Question 12

reasons some people believe writing to be superior to speech

Answer 12

1. Some people believe writing is more logical, not as many explanations needed
2. writing needs to be taught while speaking can be learned from caregivers
3. Writing can be easier to understand than speech

Question 13

prescriptive grammar

Answer 13

s a set of rules about language based on how people think language should be used. In a prescriptive grammar there is right and wrong language.

Question 14

prescribe

Answer 14

is the attempt to establish rules defining preferred or correct usage of language.

Question 15

Charles Hockett’s nine design features (necessary for a communication system to be considered a language)

Answer 15

1. Spontaneous use
2. Turn taking
3. Redundancy
4. Displacement
5. Dual structure
6. Discreteness
7. Semanticity
8. : Structure dependence
9. : Arbitrariness

Question 16

mode of communication

Answer 16

communication through varied modes such as verbal, written, gestures, etc

Question 17

semanticity

Answer 17

the quality that a linguistic system has of being able to convey meanings, in particular by reference to the world of physical reality.

Question 18

pragmatic function

Answer 18

the meaning a speaker wishes to convey to the person they are speaking to (the addressee).

Question 19

interchangeability

Answer 19

capable of being used in place of each other

Question 20

Cultural transmission

Answer 20

is the process through which cultural elements, in the form of attitudes, values, beliefs, and behavioral scripts, are passed onto and taught to individuals and groups.

Question 21

arbitrariness

Answer 21

is the absence of any natural or necessary connection between a word’s meaning and its sound or form.

Question 22

Linguistic Sign

Answer 22

Such a SIGN has two parts: a signifier , the form; something signified, what is referred to, the meaning.

Question 23

convention

Answer 23

is a principle or norm that has been adopted by a person or linguistic community about how to use, and therefore what the meaning is of, a specific term.

Question 24

non-arbitrariness

Answer 24

not subject to individual determination.

Question 25

iconic

Answer 25

Symbolic, emblematic, or representative

Question 26

onomatopoeia

Answer 26

The formation or use of words such as buzz or murmur that imitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to.

Question 27

conventionalized

Answer 27

using artistic forms and conventions to create effects; not natural or spontaneous.

Question 28

sound symbolism

Answer 28

the partial representation of the sense of a word by its sound

Question 29

discreteness

Answer 29

Larger, complex messages can be broken down into smaller,

discrete parts

Question 30

displacement

Answer 30

Ability to talk about things not present in space or time.

Question 31

productivity

Answer 31

is the degree to which native speakers use a particular grammatical process, especially in word formation.

Question 32

modality

Answer 32

is the phenomenon whereby language is used to discuss possible situations.

Question 33

myths about signed language

Answer 33

1. sign language is universal
2. People who are hearing impaired can read lips
3. in medical setting family members are qualified interpreters
4. sign language is simply gestures

Question 34

differences between codes and languages

Answer 34

1. codes follow strict sets of rules
2. codes are artificial
3. no synonyms
4. language can be emotional