vocab 1 Flashcards
linguistic competence
a speaker’s implicit, internalized knowledge of the rules of their language
linguistic performance
a speaker’s actual use of language in real situations; what the speaker actually says, including grammatical errors and other non-linguistic features such as hesitations and other disfluencies (contrasted with linguistic competence)
performance error
Performance errors are those errors made
by learners when they are tired or hurried. Normally, this type
of error is not serious and can be overcome with little effort
by the learner.
speech communication chain
as the connection(s) between a talker and a listener via an auditory, a visual and/or an electric channel .
speech communication chain steps
- Sender has a thought, the thought must be encoded
- Selection of words - lexicon is inventory of words that represents your thoughts, you pull from it to form words/phrases and combine them
- Following Rules - use syntax to properly phrase thoughts
- Nerve Impulses - signals get transported through neural pathways to motor nerves
- Muscle Movements - nerves driving our vocal muscles to produce sound which then activates the lungs, moves tongue to articulate, the lips, the hand, and your face
- Sound Waves - when noise comes out you are producing sound waves
noise
Sound or a sound of any kind
Lexicon
the vocabulary of a language or of an individual
mental grammar
the system that all speakers of a language have in their minds, which allows them to understand each other. The mental grammar of every language includes phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics.
language variation
involves the study of how language varies among different groups of speakers and the relationship of this variation to social factors.
descriptive grammar
is a set of rules about language based on how it is actually used. In a descriptive grammar there is no right or wrong language.
evidence that writing and language are not the same (list 4 reasons)
- Most people acquire the spoken language (at least of their own native tongue) intuitively, whereas the written form is in most cases deliberately taught and learned. Spoken texts are far longer, normally (in the sense that they contain more words), than a representation of the same information in writing.
- Speech is usually transient, unless recorded, and speakers can correct themselves and change their utterances as they go along.
- Writers receive no immediate feedback from their readers, except in computer-based communication.
- Some grammatical constructions are only used in writing, as are some kinds of vocabulary
reasons some people believe writing to be superior to speech
- Some people believe writing is more logical, not as many explanations needed
- writing needs to be taught while speaking can be learned from caregivers
- Writing can be easier to understand than speech
prescriptive grammar
s a set of rules about language based on how people think language should be used. In a prescriptive grammar there is right and wrong language.
prescribe
is the attempt to establish rules defining preferred or correct usage of language.
Charles Hockett’s nine design features (necessary for a communication system to be considered a language)
- Spontaneous use
- Turn taking
- Redundancy
- Displacement
- Dual structure
- Discreteness
- Semanticity
- : Structure dependence
- : Arbitrariness
mode of communication
communication through varied modes such as verbal, written, gestures, etc
semanticity
the quality that a linguistic system has of being able to convey meanings, in particular by reference to the world of physical reality.
pragmatic function
the meaning a speaker wishes to convey to the person they are speaking to (the addressee).
interchangeability
capable of being used in place of each other
Cultural transmission
is the process through which cultural elements, in the form of attitudes, values, beliefs, and behavioral scripts, are passed onto and taught to individuals and groups.
arbitrariness
is the absence of any natural or necessary connection between a word’s meaning and its sound or form.
Linguistic Sign
Such a SIGN has two parts: a signifier , the form; something signified, what is referred to, the meaning.
convention
is a principle or norm that has been adopted by a person or linguistic community about how to use, and therefore what the meaning is of, a specific term.
non-arbitrariness
not subject to individual determination.
