Semantics

Question 1

Semantics

Answer 1

the study of the meaning of morphemes, words, phrases and sentences

Question 2

Pragmatics

Answer 2

the branch of linguistics dealing with language in use and the contexts in which it is used, including such matters as deixis, the taking of turns in conversation, text organization, presupposition, and implicature.

Question 3

metaphor

Answer 3

a figure of speech in which a term is transferred from the object it ordinarily designates to an object it may designate only by implicit comparison or analogy

Question 4

Metonymy

Answer 4

a figure of speech in which an attribute or commonly associated feature is used to name or designate something

Question 5

Synecdoche

Answer 5

a figure of speech in which a part of something is used to signify the whole, or vice-versa. In fact, it’s derived from the Greek word synecdoche: “simultaneous meaning.”

Question 6

syntagmatic Relations

Answer 6

type of sematic relations between words that co-occur in the same sentence or text

Question 7

paradigmatic relations

Answer 7

a relation that holds between elements of the same category, i.e. elements that can be substituted for each other.

Question 8

synonymy

Answer 8

“sameness of meaning” (pavement is a synonym of sidewalk)

Question 9

hyponymy

Answer 9

“inclusion of meaning” (cat is a hyponym of animal)

Question 10

antonymy

Answer 10

“oppositeness of meaning” (big is an antonym of small)

Question 11

incompatibility

Answer 11

“mutual exclusiveness within the same superordinate category” (e.g. red and green)

Question 12

homonymy

Answer 12

the relationship between words that are homonyms—words that have different meanings but are pronounced the same or spelled the same or both.

Question 13

polysemy

Answer 13

the coexistence of many possible meanings for a word or phrase

Question 14

compositional semantics

Answer 14

he meaning of a phrase is determined by combining the meanings of its subphrases, using rules which are driven by the syntactic structure.

Question 15

reference

Answer 15

is the relation between the linguistic expression and the entity in the real world to which it refers

Question 16

Sense

Answer 16

defined as its relations to other expressions in the language system

Question 17

possible worlds semantics

Answer 17

a general approach to theories of meaning, on which meanings (or, more precisely, semantic values) are assigned to sentences in terms of the truth-values they take across all possible worlds.

Question 18

entailment

Answer 18

a proposition (expressed in a sentence) that follows necessarily from another sentence.

Question 19

Contradictory Sentences

Answer 19

are just the opposite of analytic sentences. While analytic sentences are necessarily true as a result of the words in them, contradictory sentences are necessarily false for the same
reason

Question 20

Synthetic Sentences

Answer 20

may be true or false depending upon how the world is. In contrast to
analytic and contradictory sentences, synthetic sentences are not true or false because of the words that comprise them,
but rather because they do or do not accurately describe some state of affairs in the world.

Question 21

Theme

Answer 21

The entity that is involved in or affected by the action.

Question 22

Instrument

Answer 22

if an agent uses another entity in performing an action, that other entity takes the role of instrument

Question 23

Agent

Answer 23

The entity that performs the action

Question 24

Benefactive

Answer 24

denoting a semantic case or construction that expresses the person or thing that benefits from the action of the verb, for example for you in I bought this for you.

Question 25

Connotative meaning

Answer 25

The additional or associated meaning, which is attached to the denotative, conceptual
meaning. It consists of associations made with a concept whenever that concept is referred to.

Question 26

Denotative meaning

Answer 26

the commonly accepted meaning or the definition that you would find if you were to look up that word in a dictionary

Question 27

Social meaning

Answer 27

is the meaning that a word possesses by virtue of its use in particular social situations and
circumstances

Question 28

Thematic meaning

Answer 28

Lies in the manner in which a message is organized for emphasis.

Question 29

Deixis

Answer 29

the use of general words and phrases to refer to a specific time, place, or person in context, e.g., the words tomorrow, there, and they.

Question 30

Anaphora

Answer 30

A linguistic expression that refers to another linguistic expression is said to be anaphoric or an anaphor