phonolgy

Question 1

Phonology

Answer 1

he study of the abstract categories that organize the sound system of a language

Question 2

spectrogram

Answer 2

a visual way of representing the signal strength, or “loudness”

Question 3

phoneme

Answer 3

any of the perceptually distinct units of sound in a specified language that distinguish one word from another, for example p, b, d, and t in the English words pad, pat, bad, and bat.

Question 4

allophones

Answer 4

one of two or more variants of the same phoneme.

Question 5

narrow transcription

Answer 5

captures as many aspects of a specific pronunciation as possible and ignores as few details as possible

Question 6

complementary distribution.

Answer 6

Two sounds which are distributed in such a way that one can only occur where the other cannot occur

Question 7

minimal pairs

Answer 7

A minimal pair is a pair of words which differ in only one sound, but differ in meaning.

Question 8

free variation

Answer 8

speakers can choose which allophone they use.

Question 9

Neutralization

Answer 9

involves the elimination of a phonemic distinction in a particular phonological context

Question 10

final devoicing

Answer 10

refers to the devoicing of syllable-final voiced consonants

Question 11

velarised

Answer 11

pronounce (a speech sound) with the back of the tongue near the soft palate.

Question 12

dark l

Answer 12

Dark L’s have two parts, The first is a vowel-like sound that is not written in IPA, but is certainly there. And the second is simply the same position as the light L.

Question 13

aspirated stop

Answer 13

Voiceless stops are aspirated when they occur as the only thing in the onset of a stressed syllable

Question 14

aspiration

Answer 14

is the strong burst of breath that accompanies either the release or, in the case of preaspiration, the closure of some obstruents.

Question 15

flapping

Answer 15

a consonant sound produced by a single quick flip of the tongue against the upper part of the mouth

Question 16

rhotic varieties of English

Answer 16

include the dialects of South West England, Scotland, Ireland, and most of the United States and Canada.

Question 17

nonrhotic varieties of English

Answer 17

The non-rhotic varieties include most of the dialects of modern England, Wales, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa.

Question 18

Constituent

Answer 18

can be a morpheme, word, phrase, or clause.

Question 19

syllabic consonants

Answer 19

a consonant that forms a syllable on its own

Question 20

nucleus of the syllable

Answer 20

usually the vowel in the middle of a syllable.

Question 21

vowel epenthesis

Answer 21

The technical term for the insertion of vowels into syllables

Question 22

cognates

Answer 22

two consonant sounds that are produced almost identi- cally with the articulators except that one is voiced and the other is voiceless

Question 23

syllabification

Answer 23

Assigning syllable structure to words

Question 24

Maximal Onset Principle

Answer 24

intervocalic consonants should be considered onsets first if possible as long there is no violation of the sonority hierarchy

Question 25

sonority

Answer 25

the relative loudness of a speech sound.