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CCOAS - VN > VNSA6 > Flashcards

VNSA6 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 needs of the AWA2006?

A
  • need for a suitable environment
  • need for a suitable diet
  • need to exhibit normal behaviour patterns
  • need to be housed, with or apart from other animals
    -need to be protected from pain, suffering, injury and disease
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2
Q

Who is responsible for an animal under AWA2006 ?

A

Anyone! Who takes responsibility (even temporarily).

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3
Q

Hospital accommodation

A

-Designed for short stay only.
-smaller than a boarding facility (provides restriction for observation and rest)
-animals staying for boarding or grooming should be housed separately.

RCVS Practice Standards Scheme states: ‘ there must be a range of suitable accommodation of a suitable size for the number and species routinely treated.’
‘Inpatient facilities must be of a suitable size, securable, sturdy, escape proof without potentially dangerous faults and easily cleanable’.

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4
Q

Types of non-permeable material for construction of housing cats and dogs

A

-wood
-concrete blocks/bricks
-melamine - plastic coated chipbaord
-wire mesh
-glass
-stainless steel
-plastic/fibre glass

Properties: impervious, draught proof, durable, indestructible, easy to clean

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5
Q

Key points to consider for accommodation

A

-comfort
-noise absorption
-temperature maintenance
-cost to install and maintain
-ease of observation of patient
-safe and securable

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6
Q

Minimum recommended size of hospital kennels for dogs and cats

A

Cat: H = 45.72cm. W = 45.72cm. D = 72.29cm

Small dog: H = 45.72cm. W = 45.72cm. D = 72.39cm

Med dog: H = 76.20cm. W = 76.20cm. D = 72.39cm

Lrg dog: H = 76.20cm. W = 121.92cm. D = 72.39cm

Giant dog: H = 91.44cm. W = 152.40cm. D = 72.39cm

Walk in kennel: H = 180cm. W = 140cm. D = 110cm

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7
Q

Maintenance and maintaining a suitable environment

A

To consider:
-species
-age
-reason for admission
-individual needs
-temperament

These include:
-heating
-ventilation
-lighting
-bedding
-position
-feedstuffs
-access to clean water
-waste disposal
-exercise

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8
Q

How to provide extra heat

A

-fluid therapy
-lab incubators
-microwave
-sink of hot water
-bair hugger IV line insulation
-incubators
-heat lamps
-electric heat pads
-warm enemas
-hot gloves/hands/water bottles
-microwave wheat pads
-ambient temperature
-coats/jumpers
-bubble wrap/emergency blanket

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9
Q

Ideal kennel temperatures

A

Adult dog: 7-26°
Adult cat: 10-26°
Hospital or isolation: 18-22°
Parturition: 18-21°
Neonates: 25° for the first 2wks and then 20° until weaning

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10
Q

Why is sufficient ventilation so important in the hospital accommodation?

A

-to provide a good oxygen supply
-to reduce the likelihood of airborne infections spreading
-remove stale air containing ammonia, methane and unpleasant smells from faeces, carbon dioxide, exhalation and water vapour from respiration.
-prevent animals from overheating
-prevent problems arising from high humidity

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11
Q

What is the minimum amount of air changes per hour?

A

4-8

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12
Q

Name types of active ventilation

A

-extractor fan
-air conditioning

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13
Q

Name types of passive ventilation

A

-window
-vent

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14
Q

Why is good lighting required?

A

-mimic animals natural conditions (dimmable)
-duration of lighting
-intensity of lighting
-it is a heat source
-for examination and observation

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15
Q

Basic requirements and qualities of a bed

A

Requirements = raised off the floor, easy access for animal, protect from draughts

Qualities = warmth, comfort, security, protection, absorbency, shouldn’t harbour pathogens, demarcates the animals territory, small mammals and cats need a hide, recumbent animals need a foam mattress or orthopaedic mattress.

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16
Q

Types of beds

A

Wicker basket, bean bags, fabric covered, raised frame, radiator cat beds, moulded plastic, sleeping benches, blankets, vet beds, covered foam pads, newspaper, shredded paper, straw or hay

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17
Q

Types of cat litter

A

Mineral based - Advantage = clumping form - easy to remove soiled litter. Disadvantage = lots of product needed to allow clumping

Fullers Earth, clay - Advantage = non clumping. Disadvantage = whole tray needs to be removed when soiled.

Wood based - Advantage = lightweight, biodegradable, highly absorbent, smells nice. Disadvantage = messy and bulky

Vegetable based - Advantage = clumping and biodegradable. Disadvantage = more difficult to obtain + expensive

Paper based - Advantage = recycled and biodegradable. Disadvantage = messy, newspaper ink can stain

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18
Q

Types of bowls

A

Plastic - pros = cheap and heatable. Cons = chewable, breeds bacteria, can’t autoclave

Ceramic - pros = can disinfect, bite resistant, sometimes microwave safe. Cons = can’t autoclave

Metal - pros = can autoclave. Cons = cannot be heated, animal can see their reflection

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19
Q

Exotics accommodation.

A

-only hospitalise when necessary. Stress is very important to consider
-surgical patients should be discharged asap. Owners taught how to syringe feed and medicate
-if hospitalisation is necessary the animals own cage is best. If not possible it should be mimicked as closely as possible.
-often prey animals - needs to be kept away from dogs and cats to minimise noises and smells.
-dimmed lighting, front of cage covered, red/blue lighting used.

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20
Q

Define an actual problem

A

Present at the time of assessment

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21
Q

Define potential problems

A

Problems that don’t exist but are likely to develop unless there is nursing interventions

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22
Q

Normal dog parameters

A

Temp = 38.3-39.2 degrees Celsius
Pulse = 70-140bpm
Respiratory = 10-30 brpm

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23
Q

Normal cat parameters

A

Temp = 38.2-38.6
Pulse = 100-200 bpm
Respiratory = 20-30 brpm

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24
Q

Normal rabbit parameters

A

Temp = 38.5-40.0
Pulse = 130-325 bpm
Respiratory = 30-60 brpm

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25
Q

Define pyrexia

A

Abnormally high temp. Usually caused by infection.

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26
Q

Define hyperthermia

A

Raised temp. Caused by exercise, excitement, heat stroke, seizures, pain and infection.

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27
Q

Define hypothermia

A

Low body temperature. Seen in hypovolaemic shock, GA or impending parturition.

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28
Q

Pulse (bpm)

A

Used to evaluate efficacy of cardiovascular system
The pulse can be palpated at any point where an artery runs close to the body surface
In normal patients an increase in pulse or inspiration and decrease on expiration is normal. This variation is known as sinus arrhythmia.
A weak threads pulse may indicate shock or diminished cardiac output.

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29
Q

Define arrhythmia

A

Irregular heart beat. Sinus arrhythmia is normal

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30
Q

Define Pulse deficit

A

Lower pulse than corresponding heat rate, present in many arrhythmias

31
Q

Respiration (brpm)

A

Make sure the patient is at rest but not sleeping or panting.
By observing the movement of the chest, count either breaths in or breaths out, but not both, for one minute.
Depth, rhythm, and rate should be assessed by careful observation or by placing your hands on either side of chest

32
Q

Define dyspnoea

A

Difficult or laboured breathing, caused by stenosis or obstruction of respiratory tract.

33
Q

Define tachypnoea

A

Increased respirate = exercise, excitement, pain, shock, hyperthermia

34
Q

Define bradypnoea

A

Decreased respirate = sleeping/hibernation, narcotic and hypnotic, poisons, brain trauma or metabolic disorders.

35
Q

Signs of respiratory distress

A

-mouth breathing
-adducted elbows
-dilated pupils
-paradoxical abdominal movements
-cyanosis
-anxious face

36
Q

Monitoring blood pressure

A

Blood pressure provides information about the pressure exerted on the walls of the arteries
-heart pumps blood into the arteries and around the blood circulation
-arterial wall ‘stretches’ to cope with variation in flow
-amount of blood pumped into vessels

Blood pressure is a measure of the patients cardiovascular function, providing an indirect measure of cardiac output and tissue blood flow (tissue perfusion).

37
Q

Blood pressure formula

A

Blood pressure = cardiac output X systemic vascular resistance

38
Q

Define diastolic pressure

A

When the heart is filling with deoxygenated blood and its at the minimum

39
Q

Define systolic pressure

A

When the ventricles are contracting and its at its maximum

40
Q

Define mean blood pressure

A

The average pressure between the systolic and diastolic pressures

41
Q

Indirect (non-invasive) measurement of arterial blood pressure

A

Correct width of cuff, should be 40% of the circumference of the limb, is important to achieve accurate readings
Place the black line of the cuff directly over the chosen artery

Reading taken by these methods are less accurate than direct methods

42
Q

Doppler method

A

A Doppler probe is placed on the palmar aspect of the metacarpus.
Cuff placed above the elbow
The sphygmomanometer measures pressure in the cuff and the Doppler probe senses blood movement within the artery which can be heard.

-cuff inflated to a pressure that occludes systolic pressure, so no pulsing is heard from the probe
-cuff is deflated, an audible pulsation returns, indicating the systolic pressure at the cuff

43
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of the Doppler method

A

A = non-invasive, simple to use, shown to be more accurate than the oscillometric, gives an idea of pulse.

D = requires patient cooperation, less accurate than the direct method, only 1 reading.

44
Q

Oscillometric method

A

The cuff is placed on distal limb or tail, often just proximal to the carpus and attached to the blood pressure machine via tubing.
-cuff is inflated automatically to above systolic pressure, occluding the blood flow.
-cuff pressure is slowly reduced allowing blood to pulse through the vessel, indicating systolic arterial blood pressure.

45
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of the oscillometric method

A

A = non-invasive, set for every 3-5 mins or chosen to , gives all parts

D = automated, may not be accurate, noisy for the animal

46
Q

Name condition that lead to recumbency

A

-fractures
-spinal trauma
-weakness
-neurological
-heart failure
-shock

47
Q

Areas that need to be covered in care plans are:

A

-bedding
-nutrition
-hydration status and fluid balance
-urinary management
-movement
-faecal management
-eye care
-oral care
-analgesia
-physiotherapy
-cardiovascular support
-blood sampling
-respiratory

48
Q

Signs of pain

A

-vocalising
-pacing
-teeth grinding
-anxiety
-depression
-squinting eyes
-not wanting to be touched
-not wanting to move - hunched with head below shoulder
-muzzle tight
-aggression
-not wanting to urinate and defecate
-anorexia/inappetence
-self-utilisation
-abnormal posture and gait
-lameness
-tachycardia or tachypnoea

49
Q

Signs of wound infection

A

-pain
-erythema
-oedema
-heat
-purulent exudate
-serous exudate with concurrent inflammation
-delayed healing
-friable granulation tissue
-discolouration of tissue
-pocketing at the base of the wound
-foul odour
-wound breakdown

50
Q

Why are bandages needed ?

A

-hold dressings in place on a wound
-support and immobilation
-protection
-pressure

51
Q

Bandaging structure

A

Initial layer - dressing applied directly to wound

Primary layer - providing comfort/support/absorption

Secondary layer - comforting (strength, contouring and security)

Tertiary layer - providing protection, conforming and strength

52
Q

When to remove a bandage

A

-persistent chewing
-foul smell from dressing
-soiling or wetting of dressing
-strike through or exudate through dressing
-swelling above dressing
-slippage from original placement

53
Q

Ehmer sling

A

Binding technique
Stabilise dislocated hind leg in dogs

54
Q

Velpeau sling

A

Hold shoulder, elbow and carpus in flexion
Supporting the forelimb in a non-weight bearing position

55
Q

Spica splint

A

Support elbow after closed reduction of a traumatic elbow luxation or internal fixation of olecranon fractures.

56
Q

Robert Jones dressing

A

A bulky compression dressing

57
Q

How to encourage patients to eat

A

-syringe feed
-hand feeding
-heating food
-feeding what they are used too (dry/wet)
-selection of food available
-appetite stimulants
-appropriate bowel type
-add water/chicken/chicken water

58
Q

How to pick the correct tube feeding method

A

-which area of the gastrointestinal tract is compromised
-length of time tube needs to remain placed
-veterinary surgeons experience
-equipment practice has

59
Q

Nasogastric tube

A

Tube is inserted through nostril
Passed through the pharynx to lie in the oesophagus
lies in cranial oesophagus rather than in stomach

A = well tolerated, inserted conscious, used for 3-7 days

D = irritating to eyes and nose, collar required to keep in place, limited types of food available to go through tube

60
Q

Oesophagostomy tube

A

Surgical hole made over area of pharynx
Tube passed through hole via pharynx into oesophagus
Alternatively hole made directly into pharynx

A = well tolerated, allows most of GI tract to be used, able to syringe most food types

D = requires GA to insert, wound care required, chance of infection

61
Q

Maintenance of tube feeding

A

To check still in place - Remove end of tube from neck wrap. Attach an empty syringe to external feeding port and pull back. If the tube is in place the plunger should move back to its starting position on its own due to negative pressure.
Flush before and after each feed to prevent blockages

62
Q

Administration of food through a tube

A

-complete liquid foods are ideal
-however sometimes the amount to meet patients RER is too large
-pate can be mixed with water and syringed down (may struggle with nasogastric tubes)
-warm all food to body temp
-stomach capacity = cat - 45ml/kg dog - 90ml/kg

63
Q

Tube feeding quantities

A

Day 1 = feed 1/3 of total daily requirement
Day 2 = feed 2/3 of total daily requirement
Day 3 = feed full daily requirement

64
Q

Define vomiting (emesis)

A

Forceful evacuation of stomach contents via mouth

65
Q

Define regurgitation

A

Passive movement of food or liquid into the mouth, without warning or signs

66
Q

Types of vomiting

A

-projectile
-stercorarceous vomit (contains faeces)
-haematemesis
-bilious vomit
-cyclic vomiting
-retching

67
Q

Causes of vomiting

A

-ingestion of foreign material
-viral infections
-diabetes mellitus
-pancreatitis
-pyometra
-anaesthesia
-endoparasites
-pain
-gastritis
-grass/hairballs
-tumours
-drugs
-motion sickness
-mega-oesophagus

68
Q

Causes of coughing

A

-cardiac failure
-foreign bodies
-tracheal collapse (Yorkies)
-pulmonary oedema/haemorrhage
-lungworm infection
-asphyxia
-infection leading to pharayngitis, bronchitis, tracheitis, pneumonia
- ET tubes

69
Q

Direct invasive measurement of arterial blood pressure

A

-most accurate reading available
-catheter is aseptically placed into an artery (often dorsal pedal), then connected to an electric transduce (kept at the level of the right atrium), which converts the pressure into: pulse waveform and systolic and diastolic blood pressure.

70
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of direct (invasive) measurement of arterial blood pressure

A

A = accurate, allows for proper perfusion of body tissue and organs

D = invasive, stressful for the animal.

71
Q

Normal blood pressure ranges for dogs and cats

A

Systolic = 90-120 mmHg
Diastolic = 55-90 mmHg
Mean blood pressure = 60-85mmHg

72
Q

Factors that affect raised blood pressure ?

A

-stress
-cardiomyopathy
-blocked bladder
-hypervolaemia (Latrogenic)
-obesity
-main arterial blockage
-renal disease
-hyperthyroidism

73
Q

Factors that may lower blood pressure?

A

-shock
-hypervolaemia
-haemorrhage

74
Q

What does mmHg stand for?

A

Milimeteres of mercury
(Blood pressure)

CCOAS - VN (8 decks)

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