VNSA5 Flashcards

Question

What can mosquitos carry?

Answer 1

Heartworm - resides in right side of heart.

Answer 2

Hypostome. Developed for piercing skin to gain their blood meal

Answer 3

Sheep tick - seen in rural areas (moors and woodlands)

Answer 4

Hedgehog tick - seen in urban areas (parks and gardens)

Answer 5

Only affects dogs and cats so may be a problem if boarding in kennels

Answer 6

Adult female feeds on host, becomes engorged and drops off Engorged female lays eggs and dies Eggs hatch into larvae and attach to a host Engorged larvae detach from host and molt into lymph’s Nymphs attach and feed of a larger host Engorged nymphs detach from host and molt into adults

Answer 7

Visually seen Need a tick remover Treatments - simparica, bravecto, frontline

Answer 8

Most are permanent ectoparasites Exception = Dermanyssus gallinae (red mite of poultry) and trombicula autumnalis (harvest mite) only the larva is parasitic

Answer 9

Direct contact

Answer 10

-hair plucks -hair brushings -tape impressions -skin scrapings

Answer 11

Surface mite - seen on dog, cat, ferret -long legs, unjointed pedicles -apodeme unjointed -0.4mm long -live in ear canal causing otitis externa and dark brown waxy discharge -highly contagious -small white moving dots

Answer 12

Adults live in ear canal and brouse on wax and debris Eggs hatch Larvae feed for 4-5 days before moulting Nymph feeds for 4 days molts and feeds for 4 more days before moulting to adult Lifespan is spent on 1 host

Answer 13

-head scratching -scratching -rubbing ears -trauma and haematoma to pinna -Cleaning ears, followed with an acaricide (3 weeks) -antibiotic may be indicated -contact animals should be treated (stronghold/advocate)

Answer 14

Walking dandruff 0.4-5mm long (just visible to the naked eye) 8 legs with combs not claws Palpi (hook like mouth parts) Poss zoonotic (may bite but dont survive long = raised spots and pruritis) Direct contact Affects dogs cats and rabbits

Answer 15

Adult females lay eggs one by one on the host coat Eggs are attached to the hairs Eggs hatch into larvae after approx 4 days Larvae moults into nymphs and in 9-10 days develop into adults Infection occurs by direct host to host contact

Answer 16

By examination - coat brushings or tape strips for adults or eggs Disinfection of area as can survive for some days in environment Araricides: ivermectin, pyrethrin topical products

Answer 17

Only larval stages are parasitic Late summer/early autumn Orange/red colour 3 pairs of legs Intense irritation caused Seen on feet and ears Treat with ectoparasite spray

Answer 18

Eggs Larva Nymph Adult

Answer 19

Create tunnels within the surface layers of skin Lay their eggs within small pockets All have short legs 4 burrowing mites seen in pets

Answer 20

Highly contagious and zoonotic Affects dogs, occasionally cats and horses Transmission = close contact (can survive in environment like bedding) Short stubby legs Pedicles with suckers Y shaped apodeme at its neck 0.4mm long Life cycle: Females burrow into the skin and lay eggs in the burrows Eggs hatch and the mites move, make burrows of their own and process repeats itself

Answer 21

Deep skin scrape (hard to always find the mites) Blood test (antibodies/immune response) Medicated baths and dips Injections and oral meds Many animals require a combination to resolve the issue

Answer 22

Seen in Guinea pigs Intense pruritis - can cause seizures Severe self trauma Reddening of the skin/swelling Abnormal area of thickened skin Chronic infestation = alopecia

Answer 23

Transmission by close contact Mites or eggs can survive in environment for several days Affecting cats (and rats) 0.36mm long Presents much like sarcoptes scabi spp Rare in uk Test by skin scrapes

Answer 24

Normal cutaneous flora If immunocompromised mite overgrowth can occur Not typical appearance Cigar shaped with short stubby legs 0.2mm long Host specific Life cycle: Adult Ovum Larva Protonymph Nymph

Answer 25

Non pruritic alopecia Localised demodicosis Generalised demodicosis Advocate ( weekly application not monthly and then re skin scrape) can be a lengthy process. Aludex- think COSHH flammable and toxic (ventilation and PPE)

Answer 26

-sarcoptes scabei var. canis -notodres spp. -demodex spp. -tricacarus caviae

Answer 27

Ctenocephalides felis - cat flea Ctenocephalides Canis - dog flea Archaeopsylla erinacei - hedgehog flea Spillopsyllus cuniculi - wild rabbit flea

Answer 28

Linognathus setosus

Answer 29

Felicola substratus Trichodectes Canis

Answer 30

Ixodes ricinus Ixodes hexagonus Ixodes canisuga

Answer 31

Otodectes cynotis Trombicula autumnalis Psoroptes spp. Cheyletiella spp.

Answer 32

Viruses Bacteria Fungi Protozoa Prions

Answer 33

Km - Kilometer M - meter Mm - millimetre Um- micrometer Nm - Nanometer

Answer 34

Bacteria and archaea

Answer 35

Fungi and animals

Answer 36

Disease causing microorganisms

Answer 37

Having no effect on the host

Answer 38

Benefit to the host

Answer 39

Use organic carbon from other organisms for their own growth

Answer 40

They produce their own food from simpler molecules

Answer 41

They live off dead or decaying matter

Answer 42

Live in or on a living organism at the hosts expense

Answer 43

The host and microorganism benefits from the relationship (microflora gut bacteria)

Answer 44

Exposure of host/tissue to microorganisms Not infection until the microorganisms have colonised the host

Answer 45

Microorganisms multiples within a host — leading to infection

Answer 46

Microorganism has colonised the host and clinical signs are seen Infections causing harm to the host are pathogenic

Answer 47

Spread of infectious diseases from one host to another Direct and Indirect Therefore the disease is contagious

Answer 48

Extremely small -> 20-300nm Each viral particle (viron) has 2 components: Nucleic acid core and protein coat Some viruses also have an outer envelope, often formed by the hosts cell membrane. Not always recognised as living organisms as unable to reproduce without a host cell (obligate parasites) They are reliant on the host cell to provide necessary nutrition for survival

Answer 49

Helical - Spiral shape Icosahedral - 2- triangular faces Complex - combination of 2 other shapes Composite - separate elements

Answer 50

- viruses can only attach to cells with compatible receptors -tissue tropism -they only infect certain species -replication takes place in the hosts cells

Answer 51

-attaches and enters a suitable cell (Enveloped viruses fuse with the host membrane, releasing nucleocapsod into the cell) (Non-enveloped viruses induce the host cell to engulf it) -capsid breaks down to release viral nucleic acid -it replicates by controlling the cells normal metabolism -the cell produces the necessary components of new viral particles -these are then assembled and released from the cell -if the virus is naked the host cell normally ruptures and destroys the cell membrane -if the virus is enveloped it leaves the cell membrane, removing some to form the viral envelope

Answer 52

Virus attaches to the host cell

Answer 53

Injects its genome into the host cell

Answer 54

Viral genome replicates using the hosts cellular machinery

Answer 55

Viral components assessable and viruses fully develop

Answer 56

Viral components assemble and viruses fully develop

Answer 57

Newly produced viruses are expelled from the host cell

Answer 58

Cat licking nasal secretions from another infected with calcivirus

Answer 59

Dog licking the floor of a kennel, previously used by a dog suffering with parvovirus

Answer 60

-history taken -clinical signs -symptoms of viral infections may be similar so further identification is required: -electron microscopy is possible with light if clumped -serology - detection of specific antibody production in response to the virus - PCR (polymerase chain reaction) amplifies quantities of DNA from the virus

Answer 61

-supportive care -fluids -nutrition -pain relief -antiviral drugs (used more in humans)

Answer 62

-border controls -accommodation design -disinfectants effective against viruses -vaccination

Answer 63

Bacilli - cylindrical or rods Vibrios - curved bacilli. Cocci - spherical Spirochaetes - spiral or helical

Answer 64

Can exist singly while others remain in pairs following cell division

Answer 65

Those that remain attached in chains

Answer 66

Divide randomly and from irregular grape like clusters

Answer 67

To ensure that the correct antibacterial treatment is used.

Answer 68

Allows you to see whether it’s Gram+ or Gram- Be able to see the structure and shape of bacteria Knowing where the sample was taken from you may be able to identify the bacteria well enough to start treatment.

Answer 69

Remain purple as they resist the decolouration

Answer 70

Will appear pink. Due to the Fuchsin application together with the other material on the slide

Answer 71

Rigid stricture Mainly made of peptidoglycan Maintains cell shape and prevents bursting, varies in thickness

Answer 72

Lies just inside the cell wall. Selectively permeable Controls passage of substances in and out of the

Answer 73

A thick fluid containing dissolved substances such as nutrients, waste products and enzymes

Answer 74

Extra piece of DNA Can replicate independently from the DNA

Answer 75

Infolding of the cell membrane Site of cell respiration Provides a larger surface area

Answer 76

Provides movement Long hollow tubes of a contractile protein

Answer 77

Suspended within the cytoplasm Extensively coiled molecule containing DNA

Answer 78

Contain ribonucleic acid (RNA) Site of protein synthesis

Answer 79

Gelatinous capsule Vary in thickness Act as a barrier between the bacterium and its environment

Answer 80

Binary fission - asexual - 2 genetically identical cells from a single mature cell Or Gene transfer

Answer 81

Transformation - a recipient cell takes up DNA from the environment Transduction - transfer of DNA from one cell to another via a replicating virus Conjunction - transfer of genes from a donor to a recipient between 2 temporarily connected cells. The donor bacterium extends a rod like sex pilus that connects with the recipient bacteria The donor cell is not killed (like transformation and transduction)

Answer 82

-supply of suitable nutrients -correct temp (37 degrees in mammalian bodies) -correct pH (7-7.4 in mammals) -water -correct gaseous environment

Answer 83

Some bacteria produce dominant spores Highly resistant to adverse environmental conditions Endospores are formed when the bacteria are deprived of a vital factor of life

Answer 84

-one bacterial vegetive cell Unfavourable conditions -endospore formed Germination -one bacterial vegetive cell Spore formation is not reproduction

Answer 85

-autoclaving (moist heat, 121 degrees under pressure 6.9kPa > 15 mins) -tyndallisation -dry heat (160 degrees at least 2 hours)

Answer 86

Poisonous substances produced by bacteria Effects can be - local to infection, systemic Two forms of toxin are: exotoxins and endotoxins

Answer 87

-Excreted by the cell -released mainly by Gram+ve bacteria during metabolism -enter surrounding tissues or systemic circulation -very potent -lethal in small quantities -can enter into food = food poisoning -can be destroyed by heat and some chemicals -body produces antibodies in response to exotoxins —> antitoxins

Answer 88

-inside the cell - Gram-ve bacteria release endotoxins as the cell disintegrates and dies -less toxic -resistent to heat -cannot create a toxoid to them -after surgery in horses or GDV -once in the circulation they cause a number of non-specific problems -pyrexia -in large concentrations they cause serious reduction in blood pressure -endotoxic shock

Answer 89

Clinical symptoms can be caused by: -presence of bacterium -damage to the localised tissue from the inflammatory reaction induced by the bacteria -toxins produced by the bacteria

Answer 90

-perform a full clinical examination -take a full history -identification of the causal bacteria by smears and cultures (diagnostics)

Answer 91

Depends on - bacteria involved and infection location -topical/systemic antibacterial -broad/narrow spectrum -important to consider tissue penetration (will it get to infection site) -some have a destructive effect on the normal gut microflora

Answer 92

For a minimum length of time as necessary to be effective Use an appropriate drug with a narrow spectrum if possible Otherwise body can become resistance to antibacterial drugs

Answer 93

- can be hard as found asymptomatically on normal skin - dermatophytes -microscopic examination of hair plucks -some species fluoresce under woods lamps -cultured on specialist media

Answer 94

-often treated topically alone -fungicidal washes -repeated regularly over prolonged periods of time - eg. Malaseb - chlorhexidine and miconazole -systemic treatments are sometimes indicated

Answer 95

-single celled organism -many are motile -10-200um -free living in the environment -parasitic once within the body -infection can be asymptomatic or cause clinical signs -disease more commonly seen in young or debilitated patients -severity of symptoms vary -protozoan life cycles are complex -most replicate asexually (binary fission) -some also reproduce sexually by gametogony - only in a definitive host

Answer 96

Have a protective membrane or thickened wall Survive for long periods of time in the environment Passed in faeces

Answer 97

Found in the body tissues awaiting ingestion of the tissue by another Host eaten by definitive host

Answer 98

Rapidly multiplying, causing tissue destruction and spreading of infection

Answer 99

Many are difficult to detect Shedding of infective forms can be intermittent -diagnosis normally by identification of oocysts in faeces -serology -signs of toxoplasma

Answer 100

-vaccinate sheep against toxoplasma Gondi -handwashing -prevent cats from accessing sheep food stores -Pregnant women; not clean litter trays, wear gloves whilst gardening, not assist with lambing ewes -ensure meat is cooked properly

Answer 101

-smallest infectious particle -protein particles, contain no genetic material -cannot self replicate -reliant on host organism -they alter normal protein production, producing more prions -cause neurodegenerative disease resulting in death -usually have a very long incubation period (2 months - 2 years) -transmission is by ingestion of infected tissue/fluids -thought to remain viable in the soil for some time (Eg mad cow disease)

Answer 102

Diagnosis - clinical signs on animal, lymph node samples in live animals and appearance of brain tissue post mortem Prevention - slaughter, removal of bovine offal from food chain, ban on feeding processed animal protein

Answer 103

Only infects a few animals Grow - aerobically Unicellular or multicellular Membrane bound nucleus Nucleic acid - DNA and RNA Absorbs nutrients from the surface they grow on (saprophytic or parasitic) 2 groups - moulds and yeasts

Answer 104

-multicellular structure -hard capsule to protect DNA inside -made up of long filamenets - hyphae -reproduce sexually but more commonly asexually -spores spread via airborne methods and fomites

Answer 105

-require a constant food source -unicellular -usually commensal - become pathogenic under certain conditions -reproduce by budding

Answer 106

-helminths -Protozoa

Answer 107

Small unicellular organisms

Answer 108

-trematodes (flukes) -cestodes (tapeworm) -nematodes (roundworms)

Answer 109

Tape like appearance with no digestive tract. It is composed of 3 main parts (head neck and strobila)

Answer 110

-head -either in larva or adult stage -has hooks and suckers -animal is attached to tissues of its host

Answer 111

-anterior part of the scolex -Cone like structure -some species have retractable hooks

Answer 112

-The segmented part -contain both male and female reproductive organs -absorb nutrients from the gut contents of the host

Answer 113

-small segments - size of a grain of rice -these segments break off and pass into the stool -individual segments that make up the strobilla

Answer 114

Yes They have both male and female reproductive organs in each proglottid. As the proglottid matures, reproduction takes place and eggs develop within it. When fully mature it is an egg - containing structure

Answer 115

Metacestode It develops into the intermediate host, it is here there is often a problem not the final host.

Answer 116

Fluid filled cyst Containing a scolex which is inverted into a sac. Muscle tissue of host

Answer 117

A single scolex (Invertebrate intermediate hosts)

Answer 118

Cyst with multiple attached scolices

Answer 119

Large cyst containing many scolices

Answer 120

-most common tapeworm seen in the UK -affects dogs and cats -can be zoonotic -intermediate hosts = fleas and biting lice in dogs -the cysticeroid develops in the flea, is eaten and released into the small intestine of host where scolex attaches to the GI wall -normally diagnosed by presence of motile segments containing egg packets around the anus or in faeces.

Answer 121

-affects dogs -often asymptomatic -intermediate host = sheep -zoonotic and humans can act as an intermediate host (cysts develop in liver and lungs) -hard to control infection in the intermediate host, better to control in the final host. (Prevention = hygiene and not letting dogs of in a sheep field as dead carcass can be ingested)

Answer 122

-seen in both dogs and cats -zoonotic -infected by; intermediate hosts ingesting eggs from the ground -metacestode cyst developing (cysticercus) -ingestion of raw meat or offal infected with taenia spp. Infection control = preventing final hosts accessing uncooked flesh

Answer 123

T. Taeniaeformis - cat - immediate host = rat or mouse T. Serialis - dog - immediate host = rabbit T. Pisiformis - dog - immediate host = rabbit T. Ovis - dog - immediate host = sheep T. Hydatigena - dog - immediate host = sheep/cattle/pig T.multiceps - dog - immediate host = sheep/cattle

Answer 124

Worms They live inside and feed off an animals intestines after being swallowed - can be found in faeces and vomit They’re round in cross section, have cylindrical bodies and resemble spaghetti. They’re light brown and a few inches long They have an alimentary tract Most have a direct lifecycle (excluding some lungworm) and others have paratenic/intermediate hosts (slug/snail)

Answer 125

-ascarids -hookworm -whipworm -bladder worm -lungworm

Answer 126

Large fleshy worms More of a problem to young puppies and kittens Most common group in veterinary practices -toxocara canis -toxocara leonina -toxocara cacti

Answer 127

Nematode - ascarid (roundworm) -can affect dogs, cats and foxes -lives in the intestines -infection can occur by; ingesting them from the environment, in utero from day 42, via the dams milk -causes puppies to have distended bellies, and can cause vomiting and diarrhoea, severe infestations can cause intestinal blockage -as immunity develops they are expelled spontaneously from about 7weeks of age, being free of them by 6-7months of age -zoonotic

Answer 128

Affects cats - young kittens Transfer the same as T.canis but unable to pass through the placenta Worms have ‘wings’ on their heads Potential to be zoonotic Infection occurs: -via queens milk (infection is patent for around 6 weeks) -from the environment -can cause stunted growth and pot bellied appearance

Answer 129

-Affects dogs and cats -no infection in utero or via milk -infection caused by ingestion or paratenic host -usually well tolerated with minimal clinical signs of infection -rarely zoonotic

Answer 130

-uncinaria stenocephala -ancylostoma caninum

Answer 131

-Seen in dogs (rarely affects cats) -known as the northern hookworm -seen in greyhounds and hunt kennels -infestation caused by ingesting larvae from the environment -dogs can also become infected by eating a host (small mammals) containing infective larvae -attaches to intestinal mucosa by its mouth parts, inflicting damage by feeding off tissue fluid -larvae can penetrate the skin and cause infection (skin and foot) - symptoms: diarrhoea, anaemia, anorexic and lethargy - severe infestations cause the animal to look malnourished.

Answer 132

-affects dogs -present in large intestines, feed on blood and tissue fluid by damaging the intestinal lining -whip like appearance -wide posterior end free in the intestinal lumen -narrow anterior end buried in the mucosa -in large numbers cause bloody diarrhoea, but normaly asymptomatic -characteristic eggs that are very resistant due to thick wall (survive long periods on the ground)

Answer 133

-not in the UK yet -adults live in the heart -immature stages (microfilariae) circulate the blood -transmission: via mosquito Severe infection can cause right sided heart failure (RHS) -symptoms present as: lethargy, breathing difficulties, hypertension, heart failure

Answer 134

-seen in dogs but rare in the UK -adults live in the bladder and are passed in urine -similar to trichuris vulpis -rarely a problem

Answer 135

-aelurostrongylus abstrusus - cats -angiostrongylus vasorum - dogs -oslerus osleri-dogs

Answer 136

-infected by ingestion of intermediate host (slug or snail) -adult worm lives in lung tissue (may cause coughing) -larvae is coughed up and swallowed and passed in faeces

Answer 137

-infection by eating a slug or snail containing infective larvae or eating larvae off the ground -adults live in the pulmonary artery and can be fatal -eggs passed into lung alveoli and hatch -eggs are coughed up and swallowed and passes in faeces

Answer 138

-live in small nodules at the tracheal bifurcation in dogs -adults produce larvae which are then coughed up and swallowed -life cycle is direct - there is no intermediate host

Answer 139

-fenbendazole (panacur) -milbemycin (milbemax, nexguard) -piperazine (prazitel, endoguard) -pyrantel (drontal)

Answer 140

A process that eliminates many or all pathogenic microorganisms, except bacterial spores or inanimate objects

Answer 141

The process of making something free from bacteria or other living microorganisms

Answer 142

The destruction or inhibition of microorganisms on living tissues, limiting or preventing infection

Answer 143

A condition in which no living disease causing microorganisms are present

Answer 144

A chemical that destroys, inactivates or reduces the concentration of pathogens

Answer 145

Infection acquired whilst receiving care at the practice

Answer 146

The act of removing dirt or something undesirable

Answer 147

A quality improvement process that seeks to improve patient care and outcomes through systematic review of care against explicit criteria and the implementation of change. We have them to improve standards of care, as a part of PSS and to improve in house protocols or develop them.

Answer 148

A sensor used to measure temperature Heat sensitive tips are placed in the sterilising chamber and connected to a temperature recording device, monitoring it throughout the cycle Should be completed annually. Checks that effective sterilisation is happening.

Answer 149

External - used every time and shows exposure to sterilisation (on the bag itself) Internal - placed within the pack, used especially if large and bulky (TST strips)

Answer 150

Browne’s tubes - not often used anymore - glass tubes containing liquid which change colour Bowie dick tape - beige tape with chemical strips change colour when exposed to a temp of 121 degrees Sterilisation pouches - has an indicator on the pouch that changes colour Chemical indicator strips (TST) - placed inside the pouch and changes colour Spore testing strip - strips with dried bacterial spores inside placed within the load. No growth means sterilisation was effective. Have to be placed onto culture medium + incubated for 72 hours. Ethylene oxide dosemeter strips - thin tube containing material that changes from yellow to blue after EO exposure time. Ethylene oxide indicator stickers - stuck on outside of pack. Yellow dot that changes to blue after prolonged exposure to EO. Can change colour after being exposed to daylight so store in darkness

Answer 151

Destroying or inhibiting the growth of microorganisms and especially pathogenic microorganisms

Answer 152

Prevents the growth or spread of bacteria

Answer 153

A drug Natural products of microbial metabolism which kill or inhibit the growth of other micro-organisms

Answer 154

Antibiotic agents that kill bacterial organisms

Answer 155

The agent that prevents the growth of bacteria

Answer 156

Prevents bacteria cell wall forming correctly

Answer 157

Change membrane permeability Affects transport in and out of

Answer 158

Affect protein synthesis in ribosomes or nucleus preventing effective replication

Answer 159

Interfere with or inhibit folic acid production

Answer 160

Resistance of bacteria to certain antibiotics or antimicrobials It can come from natural resistance, acquired resistance (natural) mutation or acquisition of new genes

Answer 161

Synthetic antimicrobials that are manufactured not natural

Answer 162

A bacterium that has resistance to more than 1 antibiotic/antimicrobial

Answer 163

Spectrum of activity Site of infection Host factors Side effects Potential drug interactions Should only be used when absolutely necessary

Answer 164

The more they are used the greater chance of bacteria developing resistant genes and these being passed on. This can make bacteria becoming resistant to one or more antibiotics Not finishing courses of antibiotics means the infection may not be cleared up and allows the possibility of further infections and infiltration of resistant genes making the same agent ineffective

Answer 165

-more culture and sensitivity testing -using the right agent the first time around - eliminating infection before they can mutate -complete the course -only use if necessary

Answer 166

Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus It is a bacteria (commensal) Staph infection Zoonotic Nosocomial infection Transmitted by contact with infected animals or fomites It can live harmlessly on the skin In a study 7-13% of nurses and vets were colonised with MRSA Acquired directly or indirectly through veterinary premises It can be prevented through good hygiene, PPE and cleaning

Answer 167

-clostridium difficile Causes diarrhoea (GI upset) Strains resistant to clindamycin and fluoroquinolones Zoonotic GI infections E-coli and salmonella Prevented through good infection control, hand hygiene, limit public access to hospital wards, correct disinfection use, clean everywhere

Answer 168

Exposure of a host or tissue to microorganisms Not infection until the microorganisms have colonised the host

Answer 169

Microorganism multiplies within a host - leading to infection

Answer 170

Microorganism has ‘colonised’ the host and is multiplying in numbers Causing clinical signs Infections causing harm to the host are ‘pathogenic’

Answer 171

A state in which normal functions are disturbed or altered at cellular, tissue, organ or whole organism level

Answer 172

An illness that disrupts normal physical or mental functions

Answer 173

An illness caused by harmful agents (pathogens) that get into your body

Answer 174

Diseases that are not spread through infection or through people, but are typically caused by unhealthy behaviours

Answer 175

A disease that can spread rapidly from person to person through direct contact, indirect contact or droplet contact (inc parasites)

Answer 176

Any disease producing agent or microorganism To produce disease an infectious organism must overcome the animals external and internal defence mechanisms In order to trigger disease pathogens need to; -penetrate host defences and establish themselves -multiply on or within the host -harm the host in some way

Answer 177

The infective dose The virulence of the agent

Answer 178

Transmissibility (ability to pass from host to host and ability to survive outside the body) Infectivity (ability to penetrate host defences) Pathogenicity (ability of the pathogen to cause disease)

Answer 179

From direct or indirect spread between individuals of the same generation

Answer 180

From dam to offspring Hereditary carried within the genome of either parent Congenital present at birth (either in birth, during birth or colostrum)

Answer 181

Physical contact Skin surfaces - licking, sleeping, grooming, fighting Microorganisms cant normally survive for long in the environment

Answer 182

No physical contact Animal contaminates the environment with body fluids Microorganisms transported on fomites or by vectors Can survive in the environment - varying periods

Answer 183

The habitat in which the infectious agent normally lives, grows and multiples. They can inc humans, animals and the environment Can be where the agent is transferred to the host

Answer 184

A contaminated inanimate object E.g. table, litter tray, floor

Answer 185

An animate object that carries microorganisms Grouped into: biological vector and mechanical (fomites or people carrying disease on shoes)

Answer 186

Able to pass infection to other susceptible hosts. Transport host remains unaffected and acts to maintain viability of other microorganisms

Answer 187

A species that is not the normal host for a parasite but may be used opportunistically by them. Acts as a carrier only. No development of the parasite occurs within this host Paratenic host must be eaten to pass on infection

Answer 188

One that shelters the parasite during its immature stage

Answer 189

One that harbours the parasite during its adult sexual stage

Answer 190

1. Pathogen leaves infected animal 2. Pathogen passes between infected animal and susceptible animal 3. Pathogen enters susceptible animal Time taken for this process can range from milliseconds to years depending on the pathogen

Answer 191

Animals that harbour a pathogen but show minimal or no sign of the disease They secrete pathogens at intervals

Answer 192

Recovered from clinical disease -cat flu (FHV and FCV) -leptospirosis and canine infectious hepatitis

Answer 193

Been exposed to infection but show no signs of disease Patient is said to be immune to that microorganism E.g - haemobartonella Felis and campylobacter

Answer 194

Can infect other animals at any time (E.g - cats with FCV shed virus continuously following apparent recovery but most eliminate infection in a few months) Can remain sub clinically infected for years

Answer 195

-excrete organisms under stress E.g - cats with FHV carry the infection and shed virus throughout life, intermittently, with or without signs of disease, virus dormant between sheds

Answer 196

Ingestion Inhalation Direct MM Through skin/via skin surface Congenital

Answer 197

-cells may be destroyed by the pathogen itself -biological poisons -response of immune system

Answer 198

The interval between contact with the microorganisms and clinical signs of disease Could be a few days, weeks or years Speed of infection depends on: agent factors (dose and virulence) and host factors

Answer 199

-PPE -hand hygiene -isolation wards -cleaning -personal hygiene -barrier nursing -disinfecting and sterilising equipment -treatment -vaccinations -educating owners

Answer 200

The segregation of an animal or group of animals that are suspected of having or proven to have a contagious disease

Answer 201

This is the compulsory isolation of animals with unknown disease status for a period of time Applies to new animal stock and for pet travel abroad

Answer 202

Creates a ‘barrier’ between the infectious animals and the nursing staff and other animals Usually in conjunction with isolation but can be used on its own if isolation facilities are not available

Answer 203

Known as reverse isolation Involves the isolation of susceptible animals to protect them from potential sources of infections

Answer 204

Level 0 = room empty, no risk, no PPE needed Level 1 = vaccinated pets, minimal risk to other patients. gloves and apron Level 2 = quarantine, wild animals, unknown vaccination/disease status, apparently healthy, moderate risk to others, all PPE worn Level 3 = known/suspected infectious condition. High risk, hand disinfectant, foot bath, all PPE worn and appropriately disposed of. Level 4 = known/suspected zoonosis, barrier nursing, risk to patients, staff and clients, all PPE worn and appropriately disposed off, foot bath etc.

Answer 205

Must have oxygen for growth

Answer 206

Can only grow in the absence of oxygen

Answer 207

Grow aerobically when oxygen is present but can also function in the absence of oxygen