Vitamins + minerals Flashcards

Question

Quinone deficiency (K)

Answer 1

Unlikely to occur in cattle, horses or pigs Usually no dietary requirement for ruminants as microbial population of the rumen can synthesise Chicks - anaemia + delayed blood clotting

Answer 2

Water soluble - Minimal body reserves - Signs of deficiency: sudden onset Rumen bacteria can synthesise B vitamins in sufficient quantities - deficiency only in pre-ruminant young, sick animals Metabolism - pathways of cellular respiration + energy transfer; co-enzymes

Answer 3

- Liver - Yeasts - Green foods - Cereals - MIlk

Answer 4

Metabolism - initiation + propagation of nerve impulses Signs of deficiency: - Progressive dysfunction of the nervous system - Paralysis - Blindness - Muscular dysfunction - Loss of appetite - Emaciation Ruminants: Bacterial thiaminases produced in disturbed rumen microflora destroy ingested + bacterial thiamine -> deficiency

Answer 5

Cereals a poor source Metabolism: - Vital for oxidative phosphorylation and H⁺ transport Signs of deficiency: - Pigs: poor appetite + growth, skin eruptions, vomiting, eye abnormalities, infertility + abortion - Chicks: curled toe paralysis - Ruminants: inappetence, diarrhoea, mouth lesions

Answer 6

Deficiency is rare due to wide distribution in many foods + gut microbial synthesis Signs of deficiency: - Chicks: neural degeneration + jerky gait

Answer 7

Chemical nature - centred around a cobalt atom Sources: - Foods of animal origin are primary nutritional source - Exclusively microbial in origin as long as cobalt present in diet Metabolism - important coenzyme in cellular respiratory pathways Signs of deficiency - Mostly in young animals -> poor growth

Answer 8

- Normal collagen formation - Metabolic oxidation + reduction pathways - Iron transport - Antioxidant

Answer 9

- Citrus fruits - Green leafy vegetables - Synthetic Destroyed by exposure to light + alkali Only essential in the diet of primates, guinea pigs, fruit bats Other species synthesis it from glucose

Answer 10

- Scurvy - Muscle/joint pain -> reluctance to move - Lethargy - Red dots on the skin - Bleeding/swelling of gums - Diarrhoea - Weight loss - Rough coat - Reduced immune function

Answer 11

Essential dietary minerals are divided int o2 groups according to the quantities required by animals: - Macrominerals (g/d) - Microminerals (trace elements) (mg/d)

Answer 12

- Calcium (15 g/kg) - Phosphorus (10 g/kg) - Potassium (2 g/kg) - Sodium (1.6 g/kg) - Chlorine (1.1 g/kg) - Sulphur (1.5 g/kg) - Magnesium ( 0.4 g/kg) 1.5 Ca: 1P

Answer 13

Iron (20-60 mg/kg) Zinc (10-50 mg/kg) Copper (1-5 mg/kg) Molybdenum (1-4 mg/kg) Selenium (1-2 mg/kg) Iodine (0.3-0.6 mg/kg) Manganese (0.2-0.5 mg/kg) Cobalt (<0.1 mg/kg)

Answer 14

Most important mineral constituents of bone and teeth Physiological regulation of calcium + phosphorus uptake, storage function + excretion are inter related

Answer 15

~99% of body calcium is locked in the structure of bones and teeth Of the remaining 1% - 0.9% is contained within the cells of ICF - 0.1% is contained outside of cells (ECF) - Of this 0.1%, a small proportion is present in blood plasma

Answer 16

- Structural component of skeleton - Controls cell excitability (nerve/muscle) - Regulates muscle contraction - Regulates blood coagulation - Many enzyme actions

Answer 17

Must take relative availability Ca:P into account - should be in the range of 1:1 to 1:2 Foods which supply an ideal Ca:P ratio: - Leafy greens - Hay/silage - Animal products Foods containing more P than Ca, requiring artificial ration balancing: - Bran - Cereals - Roots - Legume + oil seeds Corrective sources of calcium: - Limestone flour - Poultry: soluble grit Dietary absorption of calcium: - Milk ~90% - Other sources ~60%

Answer 18

- Much plant Ca is bound as phyla's - Oxalates bind to Ca to form insoluble salts -> bound in this form, calcium can't be absorbed by animals - Total absorption of dietary Ca+P decreases as dietary concentration becomes excessive - High fat diets -> XS dietary free fatty acids bind Ca to form insoluble soaps - Enteritis - inflamed mucosa won't absorb calcium

Answer 19

Sudden decrease in blood calcium concentrates -> homeostatic control sluggish to correct Acute form: - Female mammals at the onset/peak of lactation -> high demands of mammary gland for calcium to synthesise milk - Laying hands -> high calcium demands of eggshell production

Answer 20

- Commonly from 1 day before calving to 3 days postpartum - High demand for Ca -> lactation - High yielding cows in their 3rd and subsequent lactations most susceptible - Slow homeostatic adaptation to increased Ca demand -> mechanisms unable to prevent a sudden decrease in blood Ca levels Signs: - Flaccid paralysis -> general uneasiness, dullness, paddling, inability to stand, coma, death - Recumbenecy - Rumen stasis - Pupil dilation

Answer 21

High rate of skeletal growth (^Ca/P demand) Osteodystrophy = abnormal bone growth - Deficiencies of Ca, P, vitamin D - Accompanied with osteoporosis -> loss of Ca+P from bones making hem thinner Rickets = failure of bone to ossify - Vitamin D deficiency - In ruminants a deficiency of either vitamin D or P can cause rickets

Answer 22

Puppies/kittens: - Excessive P (secondary Ca deficiency) Foals: - Poor artificial rearing - Gut parasites - Low hay + high cereal diets (secondary deficiency) Calves/lambs: - Failure to supplement dietary Ca, P, vitamin D

Answer 23

Except in late pregnancy/lactation, skeletal Ca/P reserves are high -> can be withdrawn if temporary imbalance. Mobilisation of skeletal Ca/P long term: - Osteomalacia - Increased incidence of osetoarthritis Decreased milk yields Urethral calculi in male lambs fed high concentrate diet Horses, goats + pigs -> demineralisation of bones of skull + compensatory collagen deposition causing thickening of the bones

Answer 24

Close relationship with Ca in bone metabolism Sources are the same as calcium Factors affecting absorption: - Oxalates + phytates -> much plant P is organically bound as salts of physic acid - in simple stomached animals, little of the phytate is available - XS dietary Ca or P inhibit the absorption of P or Ca Signs of deficiency (hypophosphataemia): - Abnormal bone growth + osteomalacia - Reduced growth rates - Pica - Infertility

Answer 25

Closely associated with Ca + P Functions: - ~70% total body magnesium is present in bone; - Most common enzyme activator - Muscle contraction - Propagation of nerve impulses Body reserves + NONE + no homeostatic regulation -> dependant on dietary intake to maintain function

Answer 26

- All green plants (chlorophyll) - Meat + bone - Colostrum - Magnesite + calcined magnesite Absorption: - 20-30% of dietary Mg - Decreased by high copper + high phytate P intakes

Answer 27

4 major presentations: 1) Calves fed all milk diets - Milk is a poor source of Mg - Mg absorption decreases with age 2) Beef cattle + sheep fed on low quality roughage or fodder crops - Symptoms may occur over several days - Dullness, hyperasestesia, convulsions, death 3) Lactating cattle + sheep - Grass staggers = emergency - Signs: Recumbency, convulsions 4) Subclinical hypmagnesaemia - Possibility a cause of reduced fertility + milk production in dairy cattle

Answer 28

Predisposing factors: - Spring: - Rapid grass growth = Mg uptake by plant - Grass diarrhoea = faster passage of digest via the gut decreases Mg uptake - Bad weather -> grass intake reduced as cows shelter - Fertilesers - Autumn - gradual decrease in gras Mg - Year round - stresses which decrease food intake

Answer 29

Provide shelter Introduce to spring grass slowly Use fertilisers with care + avoid K fertiliser in spring Provide mineral licks Top dress pastures Increase clover in swards Supplement diet or water with Mg Mg rumen boluses Avoid stress

Answer 30

- Important in formation of some plasma proteins - Component of other blood proteins + plays role in oxygen metabolism - Vital role in may enzyme systems - Essential for normal hair, wool + feather pigmentation + crimp in wool - Essential for immune function

Answer 31

- CuSO₄ is the most reality absorbed copper salt - Metalic copper is poorly absorbed

Answer 32

- Loosely bound to albumin in the plasma - Stored + released from the liver to meet body requirements

Answer 33

- Anaemia - Abnormal bone growth - Abnormal hair, feather + wool growth - Loss of hair pigmentation - Cardiovascular disease Most common in sheep + cattle

Answer 34

Affects lamb born to Cu²⁺ deficient ewes. Failure/degeneration of neural development in the lamb a) Congenital - stillborn, weak -> ataxia -> paresis + death. Irreversible b) Delayed onset - normal at birth -> depressed growth rate, rapid onset hindlimb weakness, ataxia -> paresis + death Can be prevented by parenteral injection of small doses of Cu complexes

Answer 35

Common 3-9 months of age especially in suckler calves where the dam may not be Cu deficient Signs: - Failure to thrive - Poor growth - Stiff gait/lameness - Loss of hair pigment

Answer 36

- Certain pastures are known to cause scouring + unthriftiness in grazing cattle - The molybdenum concentration in teart pastures can be 10-50 fold greater than normal - Rumen microbes form sulphides which combine with Mo to form thiomolybdate - Thiomolybdate binds copper to form copper thiomolybdate - which decreases Cu absorption + causes signs of Cu deficiency, despite adequate dietary Cu provision

Answer 37

Tolerance: Pigs>horses>cattle>sheep Copper accumulates in liver -> cell necrosis Signs: - Jaundice - Appetite loss - Hepatic coma + death

Answer 38

Different copper tolerance between breeds While sharing a common pasture, North Ronaldsay sheep may demonstrate copper toxicity while the Scottish blackface breed are copper deficient