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Nutr 3210 > Vitamins and Minerals Review > Flashcards

Vitamins and Minerals Review Flashcards

1
Q

Group 1 contents

A

iodine, vitamin A, vitamin D, calcium, vitamin K, phosphorus, fluoride

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2
Q

Iodine is used to make…

A

T3 hormones

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3
Q

Iodide accumulates in the

A

thyroid gland

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4
Q

Iodide uptake is mediated by what symporter

A

Na+/I- symporter (NIS)

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5
Q

Made as T4 in thyroid, made into T3 in __________

A

liver

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6
Q

Production of T3 and T4 is regulated by what hormone

A

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

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7
Q

What protein rich in Tyr residues do the free iodine radicals attack

A

thyroglobulin (THG)

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8
Q

What does the attack of free radicals on TGH initiate

A

cross-linking (conformational change)

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9
Q

T3 binds to what hormone in tissues to regulate gene expression

A

THR

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10
Q

Deficiency of iodine leads to

A

goitre (adults) or cretinism (fetal)

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11
Q

Vitamin A is a group of compounds known as

A

retinoids

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12
Q

Retinyl esters broken down into what

A

retinol + fatty acid

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13
Q

Retinol and beta-carotene are incorporated into ______________ for transport

A

mixed micelles (treated as fats)

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14
Q

Retinols are predominantly taken up where

A

the liver

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15
Q

Beta-carotenes are packaged into…

A

VLDL

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16
Q

Vitamin A deficiency leads to

A

poor cell differentiation
- night blindness, impaired cell differentiation, impaired growth, impaired fertility, fetal defects

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17
Q

Retinol-RBP complex brings retinol to be converted to RA, which goes to the nucleus and binds ______ & ______ transcription factors

A

RAR & RXR

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18
Q

Vitamin A toxicity leads to

A

liver cell death
- accumulation with no conversion, cell reaches capacity and is damaged

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19
Q

Vitamin D is bound to _____ in the body

A

DBP

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20
Q

Goes to the ________ for conversion or to ________________ for storage

A

liver for conversion
adipose tissue for storage

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21
Q

In the liver, the 25th carbon of vitamin D is hydroxylated to form

A

25-OH D

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22
Q

release of PTH stimulates conversion of 25-OH D to its active form _________________________ in the kidney

A

1,25 (OH)2 D

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23
Q

1,25 (OH)2 D is called…

A

calcitrol

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24
Q

Deficiency of vitamin D leads to

A

rickets in kids
osteomalacia in adolescents
osteoporosis in adults/elderly

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25
Q

Vitamin D toxicity (rare) leads to

A

hypercalcemia

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26
Q

Vitamin K form found in plants

A

phylloquinone

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27
Q

Vitamin K form found in animals

A

menaquinone

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28
Q

Vitamin K is incorporated into micelles and absorbed in the…

A

SI

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29
Q

The conversion of vitamin K from inactive to active, and back to inactive forms what residues

A

Gla residues

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30
Q

What are the forms in which calcium is carried

A

40% bound to albumin
10% in complexes
50% in free form

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31
Q

What is the channel that allows calcium from lumen to travel into the cell

A

TRPV5/6

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32
Q

What is the function of phosphorus in the body

A

protein phosphorylation

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33
Q

What is the function of fluoride in the body

A

mineralization of bones and teeth

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34
Q

Mutations of ______ lead to Lou Gehrigs disease

A

SOD

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35
Q

Vitamin E compounds….

A

4 tocopherols (saturated)
4 tocotrienols (unsaturated)

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36
Q

Tocopherols function where

A

a-tocopherol is RRR, so it fits in the TTP binding pocket for transfer

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37
Q

Tocotrienols function where

A

in the liver only (can’t fit into binding pocket of enzyme therefore cannot be transported)

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38
Q

Vitamin E deficiency leads to

A

hemolytic anemia

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39
Q

What makes TTP

A

the liver

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40
Q

What is the function of TTP

A

gets a-tocopherol into VLDL for transport around the body

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41
Q

Glutathione is glutamate and cysteine linked through a __________________

A

gamma-carbon

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42
Q

GSH is oxidized to form

A

GSSG

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43
Q

To oxidize GSH, what 2 selenoproteins are used

A

glutathione peroxidase
fatty acid peroxidase

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44
Q

Selenium deficiency leads to

A

Keshans disease

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45
Q

Selenium toxicity (rare) leads to

A

selenosis

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46
Q

Vitamin C is also known as

A

ascorbic acid

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47
Q

What transporter is used in vitamin C absorption

A

SVCT1 and SCVT2 (sodium dependant vitamin C transporter)

48
Q

How does vitamin C play a role in the conversion of proline to proline-OH

A

vitamin C is the electron donor in the redox reaction

49
Q

Vitamin C deficiency leads to

A

scurvy

50
Q

Niacin is what B vitamin

A

vitamin B3

51
Q

Nicotinic acid and nicotinamide are precursors for

A

NAD and NADP

52
Q

NADH functions to

A

transfer electrons to ETC

53
Q

NADPH functions as

A

a reducing agent in biochemical pathways

54
Q

NADH plays a role in anabolism or catabolism

A

catabolism

55
Q

NADPH plays a role in anabolism or catabolism

A

anabolism

56
Q

Deficiency of niacin leads to

A

pellagra
- 4 D’s

57
Q

What are the 4 D’s of pellagra

A

dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea and death

58
Q

Riboflavin is what B vitamin

A

B2

59
Q

Riboflavin is absorbed via what transporter

A

RFT2 (riboflavin transporter 2)

60
Q

FAD is reduced to FADH2 via

A

FAD synthetase

61
Q

FMN is reduced to FMNH2 via

A

flavokinase

62
Q

Deficiency of riboflavin leads to

A

ariboflavinosis

63
Q

Thiamine is what B vitamin

A

B1

64
Q

Plant form of thiamine must be converted into active form ________ before digestion

A

TTP

65
Q

Thiamine is needed for what 2 processes

A

pyruvate dehydrogenase complex & a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex

66
Q

Deficiency in thiamine leads to

A

dry beriberi: adults
wet beriberi: children & young adults
acute beriberi: infants

67
Q

What is the function of pantothenic acid

A

converted from pantothenic acid (add cysteine and phosphate) to 4-phosphopantetheine, then converted from there to coenzyme A

68
Q

Biotin is what B vitamin

A

B7

69
Q

Biotin is not only found in foods, but also made by…

A

intestinal bacteria

70
Q

What is the 2 step reaction related to biotin

A
  1. carboxylate the N in the biotin ring
  2. transfer the carboxyl group to another molecule
71
Q

What 3 key reactions involve biotin

A

pyruvate carboxylation
malonyl CoA formation
conversion of propionate into glucose

72
Q

What is the difference between folate and folic acid

A

folic acid: oxidized (fortified)
folate: reduced (natural)

73
Q

What are the 3 components of folate

A

pterin ring, PABA, and glutamic acid

74
Q

Folate is needed in what overall processes

A

bone marrow formation and fetal development

75
Q

Folates have multiple _________ residues that need to be removed before digestion

A

glutamate
(but folic acid only has 1 so its fine)

76
Q

Folates are converted into what bioactive compound in the intestine

A

5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-methyl THF)

77
Q

Deficiency in biotin leads to what

A

impaired DNA synthesis and repair, & megaloblastic anemia

78
Q

What B vitamin is cobalamin

A

B12

79
Q

Cobalamin (B12) is a generic term for a group of compounds called

A

corrinoids

80
Q

B12 deficiency leads to functional deficiency in what

A

folate (B9)

81
Q

What factor is needed to assist the absorption of B12

A

IF (intrinsic factor)

82
Q

B12 is stored in the…

A

liver

83
Q

Since methionine synthase (the enzyme responsible for making N5-methyl THF) is vitamin B12 dependent, what happens when one is deficient

A

the folate trap
- 5-methyl THF is trapped and can’t become THF to transport anything

84
Q

Folate deficiency leads to

A

birth defects (tube or NTD)

85
Q

What are the isomer types of vitamin B6

A

pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine

86
Q

Why does one with high protein intake need more B6

A

high protein = high transamination demand (which uses B6 molecules)

87
Q

B6 is ___________________ before absorption

A

dephosphorylated

88
Q

Conversion occurs in the…

A

liver

89
Q

Deficiency of B6 causes

A

microcytic anemia

90
Q

In what forms is iron found in food

A

heme and non-heme

91
Q

Fe3+ is

A

ferric

92
Q

Fe2+ is

A

ferrous

93
Q

RDA is higher for women due to

A

menstruation

94
Q

How is non-heme iron digested

A

HCl/proteases cleave non-heme iron from food in the stomach to release ferric iron, which is then converted to ferrous iron and taken up in the intestinal cells

95
Q

What transporter takes up non-heme iron

A

divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1)

96
Q

How is heme iron digested

A

released from hemoglobin/myoglobin by proteases and taken up in the small intestine

97
Q

What transporter takes up heme iron

A

heme carrier protein 1 (HCP1)

98
Q

What are chelators

A

form complexes with metal ions
soluble = increases absorption
insoluble = decreased absorption

99
Q

What’s an example of an enhancer of absorption for iron

A

vitamin C

100
Q

What’s an example of an inhibitor of absorption for iron

A

polyphenols

101
Q

What are some examples of heme dependant enzymes

A

catalase & thyroid peroxidase

102
Q

Iron deficiency is seen in what 4 groups

A

children, adolescents, females, and pregnant women

103
Q

Iron toxicity can lead to

A

hemochromatosis and hemosiderosis

104
Q

What is the main function of copper

A

act as a coenzyme for many redox reactions

105
Q

Amino acids are removed from Cu2+ before digestion via what

A

HCl and pepsin in stomach

106
Q

Before copper can be absorbed, it must be

A

reduced (Cu2+ to Cu1+)

107
Q

Absorbed copper is sent to _______ and incorporated into __________

A

liver; ceruloplasmin

108
Q

Copper deficiency leads to

A

anemia, bone abnormalities, hypopigmentation, thrombosis

109
Q

What is Menke’s disease

A

a genetic defect where the body cannot absorb copper sufficiently

110
Q

Copper toxicity can be caused by

A

Wilsons disease (mutation of ATP7B gene)

111
Q

Amino acids must be released from zinc before digestion, via…

A

HCl in stomach, enzymes in intestine

112
Q

2 ways zinc can be absorbed

A

carrier-mediated (ZIP4) and simple diffusion

113
Q

Example of enhancer chelator for zinc

A

organic acids

114
Q

Example of inhibitor chelator for zinc

A

antacids

115
Q

Deficiency of zinc can be caused by

A

phytic acid in grains (poor absorption ability)

116
Q

Zinc toxicity leads to

A

neurological problems

117
Q

Zinc toxicity leads to what deficiency

A

copper (due to overactivation of metallothionein)

Nutr 3210 (9 decks)

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