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Nutr 3210 > Lecture 3 - Digestive System > Flashcards

Lecture 3 - Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What does it mean to be soluble

A

will it dissolve in an aqueous tract

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1
Q

What are the components of the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) in order

A

mouth
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
caecum*
rectum

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2
Q

What does it mean to be digestible

A

does the host organism have the enzymes necessary to digest it

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3
Q

What does it mean to be fermentable

A

do the gut bacteria have the enzymes to break it down

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4
Q

What is a simple digestive system (no caecum)

A

mono gastric (single stomach)
no caecum
hindgut fermentation

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5
Q

What type of diet is suited for a simple system

A

nutrient dense and low fibre

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6
Q

What are the two enzymes in the mouth that provide chemical digestion

A

a-amylase and lingual lipase

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7
Q

What are the components of the stomach

A

cardia, fundus, body, antrum

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8
Q

What is the nutrient gateway in digestion

A

the small intestine

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9
Q

What are the three components of the small intestine

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

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10
Q

What is the main site for nutrient absorption and digestion

A

the small intestine

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11
Q

What are the muscles found in the small intestine

A

longitudinal and circular muscles

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12
Q

What muscles push the food along in the small intestine

A

longitudinal muscles

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13
Q

What is the site of fermentation

A

the large intestine

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14
Q

What is the site of water absorption

A

the large intestine

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15
Q

Where are short chain fatty acids produced

A

the large intestine

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16
Q

What is the purpose of villi and microvilli

A

to increase the surface area for maximal absorption

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17
Q

What is a crypt in terms of villi

A

villi are the protrusions, crypts are the dips

18
Q

What is another term for the surface covered in microvilli

A

brush border

19
Q

Why do we need gut bacteria

A

for fermentation purposes

20
Q

What is a simple digestive system (with caecum)

A

‘pseudo-ruminant’
hindgut fermenter
all other regions are the same

21
Q

What type of diet is suitable for a simple system with a caecum

A

large amounts of fodder and foraging

22
Q

What is the purpose of a functional caecum

A

enormous hindgut filled with bacteria
- short chain fatty acids in the large hindgut provide 70% total energy needs for host

23
Q

What is the signs of energy/nutrient deficiency in pseudo-ruminants

A

coprophagy (eating own feces)

24
Q

What is a multiple system digestive system

A

foregut fermentation
large stomach with 4 regions (reticulum, rumen, omasum, abomasum)

25
Q

What type of diet is suitable for a multiple system digestive system

A

high amounts of fodder and forage plant materials

26
Q

What is unique about ruminant digestion

A

chew food, bring it back up, chew it, etc.

27
Q

What are the qualities of the reticulum in ruminants

A

honeycomb appearance
capture nutrients and trap foreign materials
rich in bacteria

28
Q

What are the qualities of the rumen in ruminants

A

largest section*
rich in bacteria
rumen papillae (increased surface area)

29
Q

What are the qualities of the omasum

A

reabsorption of water and some electrolytes
filter large particles

30
Q

What are the qualities of the abomasum

A

digestive enzymes secreted from gastric glands
the “true stomach” (most similar to the human stomach)

31
Q

What are the advantages of a ruminant system

A

vitamin synthesis
non-protein nitrogen used for making protein

32
Q

What are the disadvantages of a ruminant system

A

carbs are degraded into gases and lost through eructation
heat production

33
Q

What is the total collection method

A

allow animal to adapt to a new diet for 7-21 days
isolate the animal for quantitative analysis
measure intake over 3-10 day period
collect and weigh all feces
analyze the nutrient of interest

34
Q

What is the equation for the total collection method

A

apparent digestibility coefficient = (total intake - total feces)/(total intake)

35
Q

What are some limitations for the total collection method

A

accuracy in measuring food intake
metabolic cages create anxiety in animals which can cause abnormal behaviour
labour intensive
animals confined with costly equipment
not feasible to capture wild animals

36
Q

What is the other name for the indicator method

A

the marker technique

37
Q

What is the indicator method

A

adapt animal to test diet containing marker
collect feed and fecal sample
analyze each for marker and nutrient of interest relative to the marker

38
Q

What is the equation for the indicator method

A

A = ratio of nutrient/marker in food
B = ratio of nutrient/marker in feces

apparent digestibility coefficient = (A-B/A)

39
Q

What is the advantage of the indicator method compared to the total collection method

A

less labour intensive and ideal for wild animals

40
Q

When calculating apparent digestibility, what is failed to be considered

A

endogenous secretions (epithelial cells)
bacterial growth in gut (nutrient synthesis)
digestive enzymes (protein secretions)

41
Q

How to calculate true digestibility

A

perform digestibility study using a test diet
switch to a diet containing none of the nutrient of interest
analyze the feces after the test diet is cleared
subtract the level of nutrient in feces of zero nutrient from level of nutrient in test diet

42
Q

What is the equation for true digestibility

A

A = ratio of nutrient/marker in test diet
B = ratio of nutrient/marker in feces
C = ratio of nutrient/marker in feces after 0 nutrient diet

true digestibility coefficient = A-(B-C)/A

Nutr 3210 (9 decks)

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