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Nutr 3210 > Lecture 7 - Lipids > Flashcards

Lecture 7 - Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

Where are lipids soluble

A

in organic solvents like ether, chloroform, acetone

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2
Q

What are the two physical configurations of fatty acids

A

saturated and unsaturated

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3
Q

What are the two systems for naming fatty acids

A

delta and omega systems

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4
Q

What are the signs of an n-6 fatty acid deficiency

A

dermatitis, lowered growth, lowered reproductive maturity

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5
Q

What are the signs of an n-3 fatty acid deficiency

A

lowered IQ from delayed CNS development, and lowered vision from delayed retinal development

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6
Q

How can essential fatty acids be desaturated

A

insert a double bond and remove 2H

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7
Q

How can essential fatty acids be elongated

A

add 2 carbons

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8
Q

What are eicosanoids

A

metabolites of 20-carbon fatty acids

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9
Q

Where are eicosanoids produced

A

by most cells in the body

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10
Q

What role do eicosanoids play in the body

A

they’re hormone-like but function locally, playing a role in inflammation, platelet aggregation and blood pressure

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11
Q

What is the main dietary lipid

A

triglycerides

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12
Q

What are triglycerides critical for

A

lipogenesis
lipolysis
transported in lipoproteins

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13
Q

What are the structures of triglycerides

A

monoacylglycerol (MAG)
diacylglycerol (DAG)
triacylglycerol (TAG)

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14
Q

What are phospholipids

A

hydrophilic head groups in membranes

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15
Q

What are sterols

A

steroid alcohols
- essential components of membranes

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16
Q

What are good sources of cholesterol

A

meat and eggs

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17
Q

What starts lipid digestion in the mouth

A

lingual lipase

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18
Q

What digests lipids in the stomach

A

gastric lipase

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19
Q

What produces bile and what stores it

A

made in liver, stored in gallbladder

20
Q

What kind of enzymes continue lipid digestion in the small intestine

A

pancreatic enzymes such as pancreatic lipase and cholesterol esterase

21
Q

What is the role of bile in digesting fats

A

emulsify the fats turning them into micelles, which are small complexes containing lipid digestions products and bile salts

22
Q

Where do bile salts go once fats have been digested

A

95% reabsorbed and recycled back to liver
(5% lost in feces)

23
Q

What are the enzymes in the brush border

A

pancreatic lipase
cholesterol esterase
phospholipase

24
Q

Which lipoproteins are considered bad

A

VLDL, IDL, and LDL

25
Q

Which lipoprotein is considered good

A

HDL

26
Q

Why is HDL considered good lipoprotein

A

high protein low lipid

27
Q

When do chylomicrons increase in the body

A

after a meal

28
Q

What is the function of lipoprotein lipase and where is it found

A

LPL is activated by ApoC in chylomicrons and hydrolyzes the TAG in chylomicrons
- LPL is located on the surface of endothelial cells lining small blood vessels and capillaries

29
Q

What is the main transporter of newly synthesized hepatitic TAG

A

VLDL

30
Q

How is HDL transported around the body

A

cholesterol is esterified onto HDL

31
Q

What is reverse cholesterol transport

A

when HDL picks up cholesterol around the body and brings it to liver

32
Q

What are the fates of cholesterol in the liver

A
  1. converted into bile acids to replenish the bile acid pool
  2. secreted “as is” directly with bile, to be eliminated in feces
  3. packaged into VLDL and sent around body
33
Q

Why is higher HDL good

A

because that means more cholesterol back to the liver

34
Q

Where do lipids fall into gluconeogenesis

A

the glycerol backbone is glycogenic

35
Q

Where do lipids fall into the Krebs cycle

A

fat oxidation via acetyl CoA

36
Q

The breakdown of TAG releases…

A

1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids

37
Q

Each round of B-oxidation removes 2 carbons and produces…

A

1 NADH and 1 FADH2

38
Q

Protein is ____% of daily calories

A

10-35%

39
Q

Carbs are ______% of daily calories

A

45-65%

40
Q

Fats are ____% of daily calories

A

20-35%

41
Q

How are industrial trans fats produced

A

hydrogenation of vegetable oils

42
Q

What is partial hydrogenation

A

results in double bonds being converted from cis to trans

43
Q

What is complete hydrogenation

A

results in all double bonds becoming fully saturated

44
Q

Trans fats are naturally found in ______________ fats

A

ruminant fats

45
Q

What would be seen in fat levels with a high consumption of trans fats

A

increased LDL
increased LDL cholesterol
increased inflammation
decreased HDL cholesterol

46
Q

High intake of trans fats would be related to increased risk of…

A

CVD

Nutr 3210 (9 decks)

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