Lecture 1 - Basic Concepts Flashcards
What is an essential nutrient
a chemical/substance that is required for metabolism but cannot be synthesized rapidly enough by the organism (must be consumed in food)
What two factors make a nutrient essential
- removing the nutrient causes a deficiency & decline in health
- putting the nutrient back into the diet corrects the problem & health will return
What is the deficiency in iron
anaemia
What is the deficiency in thiamine (B1)
beriberi
What is the deficiency in vitamin C
scurvy
What is the deficiency in vitamin D
rickets
When is deficiency common (think about at a specific certain point in ones life)
pregnancy
What is the difference between deficiency and nutritional requirement
deficiency - prevention of disease
nutritional requirement - ensure optimal health
What specific calorie count are daily values based on
2000 calorie a day diet
What is used to make daily values
dietary reference intakes (DRI’s)
What falls under the umbrella term of DRI’s
EAR - estimated average requirements
RDA - recommended dietary allowance
AI - adequate intake
UL - tolerable upper limit
EAR meets the needs of ____% of the population
50%
RDA meets the needs of ____% of the population
~97%
What is the tolerable upper limit
the highest level of continuous daily intake that causes no risk of adverse effects
What is adequate intake
the estimated range of adequate nutritional intake based on the intake of healthy people
What is the difference between prospective and retrospective epidemiological cohort studies
prospective - follow forward
retrospective - follow backward (start w diagnosis and backtrack)
What nutrients are organic
macros and vitamins
What nutrients are inorganic
minerals and water
What makes a nutrient organic
contains carbon
How much of the body is water
60%
How much of the body is fat
20-25%
How much of the body is protein
15%
How much of the body is vitamins and minerals
2%
How much of the body is carbs
1.5%
What is the required water intake per day for an adult human
2.7L-3.7L / day
How much of the daily water intake comes from foods
about 20%
Why are fluids important functionally as a nutrient
solvent in biochemical reactions
catabolism (hydrolysis)
vascular volume
nutrient transport
temperature regulation
What is water toxicity
when you intake too much water and the kidneys cannot process it
- leads to hyponatremia (water/sodium imbalance)
How does hyponatremia function
electrolytes are diluted by the excess water so sodium cannot effectively be carried through the bloodstream
- cells also swell (opposite of dehydration)
