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Nutr 3210 > Lecture 5 - Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Lecture 5 - Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common monosaccharide

A

glucose

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2
Q

What is the most common disaccharide

A

sucrose

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3
Q

How are polysaccharides stored in animals vs plants

A

animals = glycogen
plants = cellulose & starch

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4
Q

What carbon count monosaccharides are the most important for nutrition

A

hexoses

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5
Q

What are enantiomers

A

mirror images

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6
Q

What are diastereoisomers

A

not a mirror image

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7
Q

What is a chiral carbon

A

carbon surrounded by 4 molecules

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8
Q

What determines D vs L configuration

A

determined by the -OH group on the highest chiral carbon (furthest from carbon 1)
- if -OH is on left, its L, if -OH is on right, its D

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9
Q

What is the equation for the # of stereoisomers

A

2^n where n is the number of chiral carbons

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10
Q

What is Fischer projection

A

the linear configuration of a sugar

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11
Q

What is a Haworth model

A

the ring configuration of a sugar

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12
Q

What is the different between a hemiacetal and a hemiketal

A

hemiacetal = made from aldose
hemiketal = made from ketose

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13
Q

How to determine whether a sugar is alpha or beta

A

in Fischer, if the -OH is on the left, it will point up in Haworth, if the -OH is on the right, it will point down in Haworth
- up = beta, down = alpha

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14
Q

What type of bond connects monosaccharides to make a disaccharide

A

a glycosidic bond between 2 OH groups

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15
Q

What is sucrose

A

found in sugar cane and fruits
glucose + fructose
non-reducing - both anomeric carbons are occupied

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16
Q

What is lactose

A

found in milk
galactose + glucose
reducing

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17
Q

What is maltose

A

found in beer and liquor
glucose + glucose
reducing

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18
Q

What is the benefit of insoluble fibre

A

increases intestinal movement (remains intact and reduces transit time)

19
Q

What is the benefit of soluble fibres

A

gives good health benefits by increasing transit time and slowing down the rate of nutrient absorption

20
Q

What is the make up of cellulose

A

homopolysaccharide of B-1,4 glucose units

21
Q

Why can’t humans digest cellulose

A

lack the cellulose-fermenting microbes in their gut microbiome

22
Q

Want is the make up of hemicellulose

A

a mixture of alpha and beta glycosidic linkages
can contain both pentoses and hexoses

23
Q

What is pectin and where is it found

A

backbone of unbranched a-1,4-linked-D galacturonic acid
- part of cell wall in plants

24
Q

What is resistant starch and where is it found

A

found in plant cell walls
resistant to amylase activity

25
Q

What fibre is good for decreasing constipation

A

insoluble

26
Q

What fibre is good for increasing satiety

A

soluble fibre

27
Q

Why do insoluble fibres decrease constipation

A

because they don’t dissolve, so they stimulate muscle movement, decreasing constipation

28
Q

How can soluble fibre increase health and decrease disease risk

A

decrease cardiovascular disease risk by lowering blood cholesterol

29
Q

What is the function of a-amylase in the mouth

A

breaks down a-1,4 glycosidic bonds

30
Q

What sugars are resistant to a-amylase

A

cellulose and lactose

31
Q

What inactivates a-amylase digestion

A

in the stomach, pH drops and a-amylase is inactivated

32
Q

How does a-amylase continue digestion in the small intestine

A

secreted from the pancreas and activated again in small intestine due to neutral pH

33
Q

What is the other name for isomaltase and what is its function

A

alpha-dextrinase
- breaks a-1,6 linkages

34
Q

What is the other name for invertase and what is its function

A

sucrase
- breaks sucrose down

35
Q

What is maltase and what is its function

A

enzyme - breaks down maltose

36
Q

What is lactase and what is its function

A

enzyme - breaks down lactose

37
Q

What causes lactose intolerance

A

under normal circumstances lactase breaks down lactose into galactose and glucose
under the circumstance where lactase is not present, lactose is broken down by gut bacteria which causes build up of gases and irritation, leading to the side effects of lactose intolerance

38
Q

What takes up monosaccharides in the body for absorption

A

enterocytes

39
Q

What happens to glucose

A

small amounts leak back out into lumen from the enterocyte
small amounts diffuse into blood through basolateral membrane
most is transported to blood by GLUT-2

40
Q

Transport of glucose and galactose from lumen to blood is dependant on…

A

Na-K ATPase activity

41
Q

Transport of fructose is facilitated by…

A

facilitated transport (GLUT 5)

42
Q

glucose, galactose, and fructose are all sent to bloodstream via…

A

GLUT 2

43
Q

What are the main functions of carbs in the body

A

glucose is the main energy source
carbs spare protein (prevent the breakdown of protein for energy)
carbs prevent ketosis (breakdown of fats for energy)

Nutr 3210 (9 decks)

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