Vitamins and Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

What are minerals?

A

🌟 Naturally occuring inorganic substances
🌟 Important for normal functioning of the human body
🌟 Taken in via diet
🌟 Some are also electrolytes

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2
Q

What are vitamins?

A

🌟 Substances the body needed to carry out essential metabolic reactions
🌟 The body cannot synthesize enough of these components to meet all of its needs
🌟 Must be obtained from animal or vegetable tissue - taken in as food.

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3
Q

What are the general therapeutic actions of Vitamins and Minerals?

A
  • Facilitate functions in the human body
  • Build bones, make hormones, regulate fluid volume, generate nerve action potentials, and produce red blood cells
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4
Q

What are the general indications of Vitamins and Minerals?

A
  • Treatment of deficiencies
  • Dietary Supplements
  • Specific therapies related to the activity of the vitamin or mineral
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5
Q

Vitamins & Minerals
Contraindications

A
  • Allergy to drug OR any of the colorants, additives, or preservatives
  • Levels of the vitamin and mineral that are already too high in the body
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6
Q

Vitamins & Minerals
Adverse Effects

A

🤢 GI upset

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7
Q

Vitamins & Minerals
Drug Interactions

A

🚫 Fat Soluble Vitamins: may not be absorbed if given with mineral oil, cholestyramine, or colestipol
🚫 Potassium with potassium sparing diuretics - risk of hyperkalemia
🚫 Magnesium and calcium with antibitoics and/or iron –> decreased absorption of antibiotics and iron.

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8
Q

What are the water soluble vitamins?

A

Vitamins B & C

readily excreted in urine
dissolve in water
daily intake necessary

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9
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

A

Vitamins A, D, E, & K

dissolve in fat
tend to be stored in the liver
daily intake is not necessary

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10
Q

Vitamin A
Indications

A

⭐ Deficiency and malnutrition
⭐ Wound healing

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11
Q

Vitamin A
Signs of deficiency

A

👁️ Night blindness or other vision problems
🔴 Impaired skin integrity

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12
Q

Hypervitaminosis A
Signs of Vitamin A toxicity

A
  • Mouth ulcers
  • Cracked fingernails
  • Bone pain
  • Loss of appetite
  • Cracked corners of mouth
  • Blurry vision or other vision problems
  • Dizziness
  • Can cause severe liver toxicity
  • GI effects
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13
Q

Vitamin A
Food Sources

A
  • Beef, chicken, fish, eggs, cheese
  • Sweet potato, squash, kale, spinach
  • Mango, cantaloupe, grapefruit

Think orange and green fruits and vegetables

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14
Q

Vitamin C: Ascorbic Acid
Indications

A

⭐ Deficiency (Scurvy is a severe deficiency)
⭐ Enhances PO iron absorption
⭐ Wound healing

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15
Q

Vitamin C: Ascorbic Acid
Signs of deficiency

A
  • Gingivitis
  • Hair and tooth loss
  • Nosebleeds
  • Easy bruising
  • Delayed healing
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16
Q

Vitamin C: Ascorbic Acid
Adverse Effects

A

🫘 Kidney stones

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17
Q

Vitamin C
Food Sources

A
  • Citrus
  • Tomatoes
  • Berries
  • Potatoes
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18
Q

Vitamin D: Calcifediol, Cholecalciferol, or Ergocalciferol
Indications

A

⭐ Deficiency and/or malnutrition

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19
Q

Vitamin D: Calcifediol, Cholecalciferol, or Ergocalciferol
Signs of deficiency

A
  • Rickets (soft weak bones in children)
  • Oseomalacia (soft bones in adults)
  • Osteoporosis (thin, brittle bones in adults)
  • Tetany
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20
Q

Hypervitaminosis D
Signs of Vitamin D toxicity

A
  • Fatigue
  • Loss of appetite
  • Weight loss
  • Excessive thirst
  • Excessive urination
  • Dehydration
  • Constipation
  • Irritability
  • Nervousness
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21
Q

Vitamin D
Food Sources

A
  • Fish
  • Dairy
  • Mushrooms
  • Fortified orange juice
22
Q

Vitamin B12: Cyanocobalamin
Indications

A

⭐ Pernicious Anemia
⭐ Deficiency or malnutrition
⭐ ETOH
⭐ Malabsorption syndrome
⭐ Vegan Diet
⭐ Prolonged use of PPIs or H2 Blockers

23
Q

Vitamin B12: Cyanocobalamin
Signs of deficiency

A
  • Megaloblastic anemia
  • Mucous membranes - cheilosis (cracked lips), glossitis (red tongue), stomatitis
  • Neurologic: paresthesias, balance problems, memory loss, thinking problems
24
Q

Vitamin B12: Cyanocobalamin
Food Sources

A
  • Fish, meat, poultry, eggs, dairy
  • Fortified cereals and yeasts
25
**Vitamin E** Indications
⭐ Mostly in premature infants ⭐ May be low in metabolic syndrome ⭐ Wound healing
26
**Vitamin E** *Signs of toxicity*
* Nausea * Gastric distress * Abdominal cramps * Diarrhea * Headache * Fatigue * Easy bruising and bleeding
27
**Vitamin E** Food Sources
* Vegetable Oils * Nuts & Seeds * Spinach & broccoli * Fish, meats, egg yolks * Fortified cereals **Think Oils**
28
**Vitamin B3: Niacin** Indications
⭐ Pellegra is niacin deficiency *(often r/t malabsorption)* ⭐ Lipid lowering agent
29
**Vitamin B3: Niacin** Signs of deficiency
* Mucous membranes: cheilosis, glossitis, stomatitis
30
**Vitamin B3: Niacin** Adverse Effects
❤️ Flushing of skin 🔴 Pruritis 🤢 GI upset at high doses
31
**Vitamin K: Phytonadione** Indications
⭐ Deficiency states (may occur with antiobiotic therapy) ⭐ Warfarin antidote *Vitamin K is synthesized by GI Normal Flora*
32
**Vitamin K: Phytonadione** *Signs of toxicity*
* Jaundice * Hyperbilirubinemia * Hemolytic anemia * Kernicterus (brain damage) in infants
33
**Vitamin K: Phytonadione** Important things to remember
* Deaths occur with IV route - use extreme caution * Interferes with Warfarin therapy * Infants given Vitamin K shot at birth because of undeveloped gut bacteria
34
**Vitamin B1: Thiamine** Indications
⭐ Beriberi (thiamine deficiency) ⭐ Wernicke-Korskoff's (alcoholic) encephalopathy ⭐ Peripheral neuritis ⭐ Deficiency and malnutrition ⭐ ETOH ⭐ Malabsorption syndromes
35
**Calcium** Mechanism of Action
* Needed for musculoskeletal, nerve, and cardiovascular function
36
**Calcium** Indications
⭐ Deficiency ⭐ Reduce risk of osteoporosis ⭐ Used in conjunction wtih Vitamin D to increase calcium absorption
37
**Calcium** *Signs of toxicity*
* Nausea * Kidney Stones * Heart arrhythmias
38
**Calcium** Food Sources
* Milk, cheese, yogurt * Kale, broccoli * Salmon, sardines
39
**Magnesium** Mechanism of Action
* Activtes many intracellular enzymes * Helps to regulate skeletal and cardiac muscle contractility
40
**Magnesium** Indications
⭐ Deficiency ⭐ As an antacid or laxative ⭐ Decreases uterine contractions ⭐ Prevents seizures in preeclampsa
41
**Magnesium** *Signs of Toxicity*
* AV node conduction suppression * Muscle weakness * Respiratory depression * Diarrhea **Antidote:** Calcium Gluconate
42
**Magnesium** Food Sources
* Green leafy vegetables * Nuts, seeds * Whole grains
43
**Phosphorus** Actions
* Regulates acid base balance * Bone formation * Energy production and storage * Hormone activation
44
**Phosphorus** Indications
⭐ Deficiency ⭐ May prevent some kidney stone formation
45
**Phosphorus** *Signs of toxicity: Rare*
* itching * muscle cramps * joint pain * kidney damage * CV issues * bone pain
46
**Phosphorus** Food Sources
* Dairy products * Meats, poultry, fish, eggs * Nuts and seeds * Legumes (lentils, kidney beans, peas) * Whole grains * Potatoes, asparagus
47
**Potassium** Actions
* Regulate acid-base balance * Nerve action potentials * Electrical excitability of muscles
48
**Potassium** Indication
⭐ Deficiency
49
**Potassium** *Signs of toxicity*
* EKG changes * Muscle cramps * Palpitations *Never give by IV Push*
50
**Potassium** Food Sources
* Bananas * Potatoes * Spinach * Avocacdo * Oranges * Sweet potatoes * Apricots/dried fruit * Apples
51
**Vitamins & Minerals** Implementation/Patient Teaching
* Assess patient's general condition * Advise the pt to avoid the use of OTC supplements if taking prescription vitamins/minerals * Take with meals to alleviate GI distress