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Pharmacology Exam #3 > Vitamins and Minerals > Flashcards

Vitamins and Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

What are minerals?

A

🌟 Naturally occuring inorganic substances
🌟 Important for normal functioning of the human body
🌟 Taken in via diet
🌟 Some are also electrolytes

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2
Q

What are vitamins?

A

🌟 Substances the body needed to carry out essential metabolic reactions
🌟 The body cannot synthesize enough of these components to meet all of its needs
🌟 Must be obtained from animal or vegetable tissue - taken in as food.

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3
Q

What are the general therapeutic actions of Vitamins and Minerals?

A
  • Facilitate functions in the human body
  • Build bones, make hormones, regulate fluid volume, generate nerve action potentials, and produce red blood cells
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4
Q

What are the general indications of Vitamins and Minerals?

A
  • Treatment of deficiencies
  • Dietary Supplements
  • Specific therapies related to the activity of the vitamin or mineral
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5
Q

Vitamins & Minerals
Contraindications

A
  • Allergy to drug OR any of the colorants, additives, or preservatives
  • Levels of the vitamin and mineral that are already too high in the body
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6
Q

Vitamins & Minerals
Adverse Effects

A

🤢 GI upset

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7
Q

Vitamins & Minerals
Drug Interactions

A

🚫 Fat Soluble Vitamins: may not be absorbed if given with mineral oil, cholestyramine, or colestipol
🚫 Potassium with potassium sparing diuretics - risk of hyperkalemia
🚫 Magnesium and calcium with antibitoics and/or iron –> decreased absorption of antibiotics and iron.

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8
Q

What are the water soluble vitamins?

A

Vitamins B & C

readily excreted in urine
dissolve in water
daily intake necessary

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9
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

A

Vitamins A, D, E, & K

dissolve in fat
tend to be stored in the liver
daily intake is not necessary

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10
Q

Vitamin A
Indications

A

⭐ Deficiency and malnutrition
⭐ Wound healing

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11
Q

Vitamin A
Signs of deficiency

A

👁️ Night blindness or other vision problems
🔴 Impaired skin integrity

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12
Q

Hypervitaminosis A
Signs of Vitamin A toxicity

A
  • Mouth ulcers
  • Cracked fingernails
  • Bone pain
  • Loss of appetite
  • Cracked corners of mouth
  • Blurry vision or other vision problems
  • Dizziness
  • Can cause severe liver toxicity
  • GI effects
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13
Q

Vitamin A
Food Sources

A
  • Beef, chicken, fish, eggs, cheese
  • Sweet potato, squash, kale, spinach
  • Mango, cantaloupe, grapefruit

Think orange and green fruits and vegetables

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14
Q

Vitamin C: Ascorbic Acid
Indications

A

⭐ Deficiency (Scurvy is a severe deficiency)
⭐ Enhances PO iron absorption
⭐ Wound healing

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15
Q

Vitamin C: Ascorbic Acid
Signs of deficiency

A
  • Gingivitis
  • Hair and tooth loss
  • Nosebleeds
  • Easy bruising
  • Delayed healing
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16
Q

Vitamin C: Ascorbic Acid
Adverse Effects

A

🫘 Kidney stones

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17
Q

Vitamin C
Food Sources

A
  • Citrus
  • Tomatoes
  • Berries
  • Potatoes
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18
Q

Vitamin D: Calcifediol, Cholecalciferol, or Ergocalciferol
Indications

A

⭐ Deficiency and/or malnutrition

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19
Q

Vitamin D: Calcifediol, Cholecalciferol, or Ergocalciferol
Signs of deficiency

A
  • Rickets (soft weak bones in children)
  • Oseomalacia (soft bones in adults)
  • Osteoporosis (thin, brittle bones in adults)
  • Tetany
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20
Q

Hypervitaminosis D
Signs of Vitamin D toxicity

A
  • Fatigue
  • Loss of appetite
  • Weight loss
  • Excessive thirst
  • Excessive urination
  • Dehydration
  • Constipation
  • Irritability
  • Nervousness
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21
Q

Vitamin D
Food Sources

A
  • Fish
  • Dairy
  • Mushrooms
  • Fortified orange juice
22
Q

Vitamin B12: Cyanocobalamin
Indications

A

⭐ Pernicious Anemia
⭐ Deficiency or malnutrition
⭐ ETOH
⭐ Malabsorption syndrome
⭐ Vegan Diet
⭐ Prolonged use of PPIs or H2 Blockers

23
Q

Vitamin B12: Cyanocobalamin
Signs of deficiency

A
  • Megaloblastic anemia
  • Mucous membranes - cheilosis (cracked lips), glossitis (red tongue), stomatitis
  • Neurologic: paresthesias, balance problems, memory loss, thinking problems
24
Q

Vitamin B12: Cyanocobalamin
Food Sources

A
  • Fish, meat, poultry, eggs, dairy
  • Fortified cereals and yeasts
25
Q

Vitamin E
Indications

A

⭐ Mostly in premature infants
⭐ May be low in metabolic syndrome
⭐ Wound healing

26
Q

Vitamin E
Signs of toxicity

A
  • Nausea
  • Gastric distress
  • Abdominal cramps
  • Diarrhea
  • Headache
  • Fatigue
  • Easy bruising and bleeding
27
Q

Vitamin E
Food Sources

A
  • Vegetable Oils
  • Nuts & Seeds
  • Spinach & broccoli
  • Fish, meats, egg yolks
  • Fortified cereals

Think Oils

28
Q

Vitamin B3: Niacin
Indications

A

⭐ Pellegra is niacin deficiency (often r/t malabsorption)
⭐ Lipid lowering agent

29
Q

Vitamin B3: Niacin
Signs of deficiency

A
  • Mucous membranes: cheilosis, glossitis, stomatitis
30
Q

Vitamin B3: Niacin
Adverse Effects

A

❤️ Flushing of skin
🔴 Pruritis
🤢 GI upset at high doses

31
Q

Vitamin K: Phytonadione
Indications

A

⭐ Deficiency states (may occur with antiobiotic therapy)
⭐ Warfarin antidote

Vitamin K is synthesized by GI Normal Flora

32
Q

Vitamin K: Phytonadione
Signs of toxicity

A
  • Jaundice
  • Hyperbilirubinemia
  • Hemolytic anemia
  • Kernicterus (brain damage) in infants
33
Q

Vitamin K: Phytonadione
Important things to remember

A
  • Deaths occur with IV route - use extreme caution
  • Interferes with Warfarin therapy
  • Infants given Vitamin K shot at birth because of undeveloped gut bacteria
34
Q

Vitamin B1: Thiamine
Indications

A

⭐ Beriberi (thiamine deficiency)
⭐ Wernicke-Korskoff’s (alcoholic) encephalopathy
⭐ Peripheral neuritis
⭐ Deficiency and malnutrition
⭐ ETOH
⭐ Malabsorption syndromes

35
Q

Calcium
Mechanism of Action

A
  • Needed for musculoskeletal, nerve, and cardiovascular function
36
Q

Calcium
Indications

A

⭐ Deficiency
⭐ Reduce risk of osteoporosis
⭐ Used in conjunction wtih Vitamin D to increase calcium absorption

37
Q

Calcium
Signs of toxicity

A
  • Nausea
  • Kidney Stones
  • Heart arrhythmias
38
Q

Calcium
Food Sources

A
  • Milk, cheese, yogurt
  • Kale, broccoli
  • Salmon, sardines
39
Q

Magnesium
Mechanism of Action

A
  • Activtes many intracellular enzymes
  • Helps to regulate skeletal and cardiac muscle contractility
40
Q

Magnesium
Indications

A

⭐ Deficiency
⭐ As an antacid or laxative
⭐ Decreases uterine contractions
⭐ Prevents seizures in preeclampsa

41
Q

Magnesium
Signs of Toxicity

A
  • AV node conduction suppression
  • Muscle weakness
  • Respiratory depression
  • Diarrhea

Antidote: Calcium Gluconate

42
Q

Magnesium
Food Sources

A
  • Green leafy vegetables
  • Nuts, seeds
  • Whole grains
43
Q

Phosphorus
Actions

A
  • Regulates acid base balance
  • Bone formation
  • Energy production and storage
  • Hormone activation
44
Q

Phosphorus
Indications

A

⭐ Deficiency
⭐ May prevent some kidney stone formation

45
Q

Phosphorus
Signs of toxicity: Rare

A
  • itching
  • muscle cramps
  • joint pain
  • kidney damage
  • CV issues
  • bone pain
46
Q

Phosphorus
Food Sources

A
  • Dairy products
  • Meats, poultry, fish, eggs
  • Nuts and seeds
  • Legumes (lentils, kidney beans, peas)
  • Whole grains
  • Potatoes, asparagus
47
Q

Potassium
Actions

A
  • Regulate acid-base balance
  • Nerve action potentials
  • Electrical excitability of muscles
48
Q

Potassium
Indication

A

⭐ Deficiency

49
Q

Potassium
Signs of toxicity

A
  • EKG changes
  • Muscle cramps
  • Palpitations

Never give by IV Push

50
Q

Potassium
Food Sources

A
  • Bananas
  • Potatoes
  • Spinach
  • Avocacdo
  • Oranges
  • Sweet potatoes
  • Apricots/dried fruit
  • Apples
51
Q

Vitamins & Minerals
Implementation/Patient Teaching

A
  • Assess patient’s general condition
  • Advise the pt to avoid the use of OTC supplements if taking prescription vitamins/minerals
  • Take with meals to alleviate GI distress

Pharmacology Exam #3 (14 decks)

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