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Pharmacology Exam #3 > Vaccines and Immune Sera > Flashcards

Vaccines and Immune Sera Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main actions of Biologics?

A

⭐ Stimulate the production of antibodies (vaccines)
⭐ Provide preformed antibodies to facilitate an immune reaction (immune sera)
⭐ React specifically with the toxins produced by an invading pathogen (Immune Sera: antitoxin/antivenom)

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2
Q

What is Active Immunity?

A

Vaccines and illness
When the body recognizes a foreign protein and begins producing antibodies to react with it

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3
Q

What is Passive Immunity?

A

Immune sera and antibodies that pass through breastmilk
Occurs when preformed antibodies are injected into the system and react with a specific antigen

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4
Q

Lifespan considerations for Biologics
In Children

A
  • Parents should have a copy of the immunization record
  • All adverse effects should be reported (to provider and then to CDC)
  • Vaccines may be given in divided doses or on an alternate vaccine schedule to prevent adverse effects
  • Encourage parent to provide comfort measures
  • Reassurance of safety of vaccines - provide written information
  • Immune sera for specific exposure
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5
Q

Lifespan considerations for Biologics
In Adults

A

Frequent reasons:
* Travel (ex. Hep A., typhoid)
* Yearly Vaccines (ex. Flu, covid)
* Boosters (ex. tetanus)
* High Risk Groups (ex. shingles, pneumonia)
* Immune sera for specific exposure

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6
Q

Lifespan considerations for Biologics
In Older Adults

A
  • Pneumonia
  • Yearly Influenza
  • Tetanus Booster
  • Travel
  • Immune sera for specific exposure
  • Increased risk for adverse effects, monitor closely
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7
Q

What is the definition of Immunization?

A
  • The process of artificially stimulating active immunity
  • Exposes the body to weakened or less toxic proteins associated with specific disease-causing organisms
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8
Q

What is the goal of Immunization?

A

To cause an immune response without having the patient suffer the full course of a disease

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9
Q

What are the routine childhood vaccines?

A
  • Diptheria, tetanus, pertussis (DTaP)
  • Haemophilus B
  • Hepatitis B, hepatitis A
  • Chickenpox
  • Polio
  • Meningitis
  • Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR)
  • Rotavirus
  • HPV - 9 and up (not in every state yet)
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10
Q

Vaccines
Indications

A
  • Stimulate active immunity in people who are at risk
  • The vaccines that are needed depends on the exposure the person will have to pathogens (different in different parts of the world)
  • Vaccines are thought to provide life long immunity
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11
Q

Vaccines
Contraindications

A

Absolute:
* Severe or life-threatening allergic reaction to any component in the vaccine

Relative:
* Presence of immune deficiency (may not mount an immune response)
* Pregnancy (although some are given)
* Mild/Moderate allergic reaction to any component of the vaccine (such as eggs)
* Patients receiving immune globulin or who have received blood or blood products within the last 3 months

Caution:
* Febrile convulsions or cerebral injury
* Conditions in which high fever would be dangerous
* Acute infection

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12
Q

Vaccines
Adverse Effects

A
  • Fever, chills, malaise, fretfulness, irritability
  • Anorexia, vomiting
  • Rash
  • Redness, pain, swelling at injection site
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13
Q

Vaccines
Drug Interactions

A
  • Immunosupressants (may not get the expected immune response… may think they are immunized when they are not)
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14
Q

Vaccines
Asssessment

A

History:
* Check for allergy, pregnancy, recent administration of immune globulin or blood products, immune defeciency, or acute infection

Physical:
* Assess skin, check temperature
* Vital Signs
* Lung sounds
* Level of orientation and affect
* Evaluate ROM of extremity to be used; assess tissue perfusion (ex. shoulder injury? Use other arm)

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15
Q

Vaccines
Nursing Conclusions/Diagnoses

A
  • Acute pain/Impaired comfort (r/t injection site, GI effects, and flu-like effects)
  • Ineffective/altered tissue perfusion if severe reaction occurs
  • Deficient Knowledge
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16
Q

Vaccines
Implementation/Patient Teaching

A
  • Do NOT use to treat acute infection
  • Do not administer if the pt shows signs of infection or immune deficiency
  • Do not administer if pt has received immune globulin or blood/blood products in last 3 months
  • Check on the timing and the dose of each injection if there is a series
  • Emergency equip. on standby (epi)
  • Supportive care and comfort measures
  • Do not administer aspirin to children for discomfort r/t injection
  • Provide a written record of the immunization including the need to return for boosters and timing
17
Q

What is the definition of
Immune Sera?

A
  • Sera that contain antibodies to specific bacteria or viruses
18
Q

Different types of Immune Sera?

A

Antitoxin and antivenom
* Immune sera that have antibodies to specific toxins that might be released by invading pathogens, or to venom from spider or snake bites

Convalescent Plasma
* Ex. from Covid 19 patients

19
Q

Immune Sera
Mechanism of Action

A

Provide passive immunity to a specific antigen or disease

20
Q

Immune Sera
Indications

A

⭐ Used as prophylaxis against specific dease AFTER exposure
⭐ May lessen the severity of the disease

21
Q

Immune Sera
Contraindications

A

Relative:
* History of sever reaction to any immune sera

Cautions:
* Pregnancy
* Coagulation effects
* Previous exposure to immune sera

22
Q

Immune Sera
Adverse Effects

A
  • GI: Nausea, vomiting
  • CNS: Chills, fever
  • Rash
  • Allergic reaction: chest tightness, decreased blood pressure, and difficulty breathing
  • Local reaction: swelling, tenderness, pain, and muscle stiffness at injection site
23
Q

Immune Sera
Drug Interactions

A

Immunosuppressants

24
Q

Immune Sera
Assessment

A

History:
* Check for allergy, pregnancy, previous exposure to the serum being used, thrombocytopenia or coagulation disorders, immunization history

Physical:
* Inspect skin
* Temperature
* Vital Signs
* Lung Sounds
* Level of orientation and affect

25
Q

Immune Sera
Nursing Diagnoses

A
  • Acute pain/Impaired comfort (r/t injection site, GI effects, and flu-like effects)
  • Ineffective/altered tissue perfusion if severe reaction occurs
  • Deficient Knowledge
26
Q

Immune Sera
Implementation/Patient Teaching

A
  • Do not administer to any patient with a history of severe reaction to immune globulins or to the components of the drug being used
  • Administer the drug as indicated
  • Monitor for severe reactions, have emergency equipment nearby
  • Arrange for supportive care and comfort measures
  • Provide a written record of the immune sera used and encourage pt and family to keep that information

Pharmacology Exam #3 (14 decks)

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