Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharmacology Exam #3 > Antibiotics > Flashcards

Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

What does bacteriostatic mean?

A

Substances that prevent the growth or reproduction of bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does bactericidal mean?

A

Substances that kill bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the goal of antibiotic therapy?

A

Decreasing the population of the invading bacteria to a point where the human immune system can effectively deal with the invader

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How is an antibiotic treatment selected?

A
  • Culture and Sensitivity report must be done BEFORE treating with antibiotics
  • Based on the culture & sensitivity report an antibiotic is chosen that has known to be effective at treating the organism.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is an anaerobic bacteria?

A

An organism that doesn’t need oxygen to survive. (Ex. gangrene)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is an aerobic bacteria?

A

A bacteria that needs oxygen to survive.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does gram-positive mean?

A

The cell wall of the bacteria retains a stain or resists decolorization with alcohol. (remains purple stained)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does gram-negative mean?

A

The cell wall of the bacteria loses a stain or is decolorized by alcohol. (pink stained)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

When do you call a provider after looking at a sensitivity report?

A

If the antibiotic the patient is on comes up as I (Intermediate) or R (Resistant) on the sensitivity report and the patient is not improving.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Considerations for Antibiotics
In Children

A
  • More susceptible to adverse effects (more GI and CNS effects)
  • More susceptible to super infections (especially oral candidiasis)
  • Some can cause harm to cartilage, teeth, and bones
  • Double check doses
  • Teach parents to give full dose of antibiotics, how to properly store, and when antibiotics are needed (only for bacterial infections)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Considerations for Antibiotics
In Adults

A
  • Only use as needed
  • Take entire course
  • Do not take antibiotics that are not prescribed to you
  • Do not save antibiotics for future use
  • Caution in pregnancy and lactation
  • Drug interactions: Oral contraceptives
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Considerations for Antibiotics
In Older Adults

A
  • Signs and symptoms of infection are different in older adults (may not have a fever)
  • Same considerations as adults
  • More susceptible to adverse effects
  • Renal and hepatic impairment - start low and go slow
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Aminoglycosides
Mechanism of Action
& Indications

A

Bactericidal

Often serious bacterial infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Aminoglycosides
Drug Names

A

Gentamicin

“-mycin”
Neomycin
Streptomycin
Tobramycin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Aminoglycosides
Contraindications

A

Absolute:
* Allergy

Relative:
* Renal and hepatic disease
* Hearing loss
* Myasthenia gravis
* Parkinsonism
* Pregnancy & Lactation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Aminoglycosides
Adverse Effects

A

👂CNS: including ototoxicity
🩸Bone marrow depression
🫘Nephrotoxicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Aminoglycosides
Drug Interactions

A
  • Penicillins, cephalosporins (synergistic effect = stronger effect for both)
  • Loop Diuretics (increased risk for ototoxicity)
  • Parenteral penicillin (cancels out aminoglycoside)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Aminoglycosides
Assessment

A

History:
* Allergy, pregnancy, lactation, renal or hepatic disease, hearing loss, myasthenia gravis, parkinsonism

Physical:
* CNS: Orientation, LOC
* Auditory testing
* Vital Signs

Labs:
* CBC (because of bone marrow depression)
* C&S
* Renal Function
* Liver Function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Aminoglycosides
Nursing Conclusions/Diagnoses

A
  • Impaired comfort (r/t adverse effects)
  • Hearing impairment (r/t ototoxicity)
  • Infection risk (r/t Bone Marrow depression)
  • Fluid overload risk (r/t nephrotoxicity)
  • Knowledge Deficit
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Aminoglycosides
Implementation

A
  • Check culture and sensitivity reports
  • Ensure patient receives FULL dose of antibiotics
  • Monitor infection
  • Monitor for nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and bone marrow suppression
  • Safety measures for CNS effects (fall risk, reorientation)
  • Adequate fluids
  • Report any hearing changes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Carbapenems
Drug Names

A

“-penem”
Doripenem
Ertapenem
Imipenem-cilastin-relebactam
Meropenem
Meopenem-vaborbactam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Carbapenems
Mechanism of Action and Indications

A

Bactericidal
IV and IM

Serious Bacterial Infections
Broad Spectrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Carbapenems
Contraindications

A

Absolute:
* Allergy

Relative:
* Allergy to beta lactams
* Kidney Disease
* Pregnancy or lactation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Carbapenems
Drug Interactions

A
  • Other drugs (seizures can occure)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Carbapenems
Adverse Effects

A

🤢 Toxic GI effects 💩
* Pseudomembranous colitis
* Clostridium difficile diarrhea
* Nausea and vomiting

🦹 Superinfections
🧠 CNS: headache, dizziness, altered mental state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Carbapenems
Assessment

A

History:
* Allergy, renal disease, pregnancy or lactation

Physical:
* CNS: Orientation/Level of Consciousness
* GI
* Vital Signs

Labs:
* C&S
* Renal Function
* WBC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Carbapenems
Nursing Conclusions/Diagnoses

A
  • Impaired Comfort (r/t GI or CNS effects)
  • Superinfection risk (r/t loss of normal flora)
  • Knowledge Deficit
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Carbapenems
Implementation

A
  • Check culture & sensitivity reports
  • Ensure pt. takes full course of treatment
  • Monitor infection site/presenting s&s
  • Monitor for signs of pseudomembranous colitis, severe diarrhea, or superinfections
  • Adequate hydration
  • Small, frequent meals for GI symptoms
  • Given IV or IM
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Cephalosporins
Mechanism of Action & Indications

A

Bactericidal & Bacteriostatic

Bacterial Infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Cephalosporins
Drug Names

A

“cef-“” or “ceph-“
1️⃣ cephalexin
2️⃣ cefactor, cefoxitin, cefuroxime
3️⃣ cefdinir, cefotaxime, cefpodoxime, ceftriaxone
4️⃣ ceftolozane-tazobactam
5️⃣ ceftaroline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Cephalosporins
Contraindications

A

Absolute:
* Allergy

Relative:
* Allergies to penicillin
* Renal Impairment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Cephalosporins
Drug Interactions

A
  • Aminoglycosides (inc. risk of nephrotoxicity)
  • Warfarin (inc. risk of bleeding)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Cephalosporins
Adverse Effects

A

🤢Toxic GI effects💩
* Psuedomembranous colitis
* C. diff
* N/V/D/flatulence
* Abdominal pain

🦹 Superinfections
🫘 Nephrotoxicity
🧠 CNS: Headache, dizziness, lethargy, numbness & tingling
💉 Injection site inflammation, irritation, and infection

34
Q

Cephalosporins
Assessment

A

History:
* Allergy, allergy to pencillins, renal disease, pregnancy or lactation

Physical:
* Abdominal
* CNS
* Skin (injection site)
* Vitals

Labs:
* C&S
* Renal function tests
* WBC

35
Q

Cephalosporins
Nursing Conclusions/Diagnoses

A
  • Impaired comfort (r/t adv. effects)
  • Infection risk (r/t repeated injections)
  • Dehydration (r/t GI effects)
  • Malnutrition risk (r/t GI effects)
  • Knowledge deficit
36
Q

Cephalosporins
Implementation/Patient Teaching

A
  • Check culture & sensitivity reports
  • Monitor renal function during therapy
  • Ensure full course is taken
  • Monitor infection and injection site
  • Small frequent meals, frequent mouth care, ice chips, or sugarless candy/lozenges
  • Adequate fluids
  • Monitor for signs of superinfections
37
Q

Fluoroquinolones
Mechanism of Action & Indications

A

Bacteriostatic

Bacterial Infections
Broad Spectrum

38
Q

Fluoroquinolones
Drug Names

A

“-floxacin”
* Ciprofloxacin
* Levofloxacin
* Moxifloxacin
* Ofloxacin

39
Q

Fluoroquinolones
Contraindications

A

Absolute:
* Allergy

Relative:
* Renal dysfunction
* Liver impairment
* Myasthenia gravis
* Seizure disorder

40
Q

Fluoroquinolones
Drug Interactions

A
  • Iron salts, sucralfate, mineral supplements, antacids (decreases effect of fluoroquinolones)
  • Other drugs that increase the QT interval (inc. risk of cardiac issues)
  • Theophylline (inc. risk of theophylline toxicity)
  • NSAIDs (can inc. CNS effects)
41
Q

Fluoroquinolones
Adverse Effects

A

🧠 CNS: headache, dizziness, insomnia, depression, hallucinations
🩸 Bone Marrow Depression
🤢 GI: N/V/D, dry mouth, C. diff
Liver toxicity
💓 CV: Prolonged QT interval
⬛ Black Box Warning: Risk for tendinitis and tendon rupture, CNS effects including hallucinations

42
Q

Fluoroquinolones
Assessment

A

History:
* Allergy, myasthenia gravis, seizure disorder, renal or hepatic disease, pregnancy or lactation

Physical:
* Abdominal
* CNS
* Skin
* Cardiac QT interval
* Vitals

Labs:
* C&S
* Renal & liver function tests
* CBC

43
Q

Fluoroquinolones
Nursing Conclusions/Diagnoses

A
  • Impaired Comfort (r/t adv. effects)
  • Fluid Deficit (r/t GI effects)
  • Malnutrition (r/t GI effects)
  • Knowledge Deficit
44
Q

Fluoroquinolones
Implementation/Patient Teaching

A
  • Check culture & sensitivity reports
  • Monitor renal and liver function tests
  • Ensure pt. takes full dose of treatment
  • Monitor site of infection/presenting s/s
  • Small, frequent meals, mouth care, ice chips, sugarless candy for GI issues
  • Adequate fluids
  • Teach pt. about Black Box warning
  • Notify provider of any CNS effects
  • Wear sunscreen/avoid excessive sun exposure
45
Q

Penicillins and Penicillinase-Resistant Antibiotics
Mechanism of Action & Indications

A

Bactericidal

Broad Spectrum
Bacterial Infections

46
Q

Penicillins and Penicillinase-Resistant Antibiotics
Drug Names

A

“-icillin”
Penicillin G benzathine
Penicillin G potassium
Penicillin G procaine
Penicillin V
Amoxicillin
Ampicillin

47
Q

Penicillins and Penicillinase-Resistant Antibiotics
Contraindications

A

Absolute:
* Allergy

Relative:
* Allergy to cephalosporins
* Renal disease

Caution:
* Pregnancy & lactation

48
Q

Penicillins and Penicillinase-Resistant Antibiotics
Adverse Effects

A

🤢 GI: N/V, stomatitis, diarrhea
🦹 Superinfections
💉 Irritation/infection at injection site

49
Q

Penicillins and Penicillinase-Resistant Antibiotics
Drug Interactions

A
  • Parenteral aminoglycosides
50
Q

Penicillins and Penicillinase-Resistant Antibiotics
Assessment

A

History:
* Allergy, renal disease, pregnancy or lactation, allergy to cephalosporins

Physical:
* Skin (injection site)
* Abdominal

Labs:
* C&S
* Renal function test
* WBC

51
Q

Penicillins and Penicillinase-Resistant Antibiotics
Nursing Conclusions/Diagnoses

A
  • Impaired comfort (r/t adverse effects)
  • Malnutrition (r/t GI effects)
  • Dehydration (r/t GI effects)
  • Knowledge Deficit
52
Q

Penicillins and Penicillinase-Resistant Antibiotics
Implementation/Patient Teaching

A
  • Check culture & sensitivity reports
  • Ensure pt. takes full course of treatment
  • Monitor renal function
  • Take oral routes on an EMPTY stomach
  • Monitor site of infection/presenting s/s
  • Small, frequent meals, mouth care, ice chips, or sugarless candy for GI effects
  • Adequate fluids
  • Monitor for any superinfection
  • Monitor injection sites
  • Teach proper storage (possible refrigeration)
53
Q

Sulfonamides
Mechanism of Action & Indications

A

Bacteriostatic: inhibits folic acid synthesis

Bacterial Infections

54
Q

Sulfonamides
Drug Names

A

“sulfa-“
sulfadiazine
sulfaalazine
trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

55
Q

Sulfonamides
Contraindications

A

Absolute:
* Allergy

Relative:
* Allergy to thiazide diuretics
* Pregnancy (possibly teratogenic)

Caution:
* Renal disease/kidney stones

56
Q

Sulfonamides
Drug Interactions

A
  • Sulfonylureas (antidiabetics): glyburide, glipizide (increased risk of hypoglycemia)
  • Cyclosporine (inc. risk of nephrotoxicity)
57
Q

Sulfonamides
Adverse Effects

A

🤢 GI: N/V/D, abdominal pain, stomatitis
🫘 Kidney: hematuria, crystalluria, proteinuria, hyperkalemia
🧠 CNS: headache, dizziness
🔴 Skin: Stevens-Johnson syndrom (medical emergency - needs hospitalization), photosensitivity
🩸Bone Marrow Depression

58
Q

Sulfonamides
Assessment

A

History:
* Allergy, allergy to thiazide diuretics, renal disease, pregnancy or lactation

Physical:
* Skin
* CNS
* Abdominal
* Urinary

Labs:
* C&S
* Renal function tests
* CBC
* Glucose

59
Q

Sulfonamides
Implementation/Patient Teaching

A
  • Check culture & sensitivity reports
  • Ensure pt. receives full course of treatment
  • Small, frequent meals, mouth care, ice chips, sugarless candy for GI effects
  • Monitor infection
  • Adequate fluid intake
  • Monitor CBC, renal function, and urinalysis results periodically during therapy
  • Monitor glucose if patient is on a sulfonylureas
60
Q

Tetracyclines
Mechanism of Action & Indications

A

Bacteriostatic

Substitute for when penicillin is contraindicated
Bacterial infections
Broad spectrum

61
Q

Tetracyclines
Drug Names

A

“-cycline”
tetracycline
doxycycline
minocycline

62
Q

Tetracyclines
Contraindications

A

Absolute:
* Allergy

Relative:
* Pregnancy or lactation
* Hepatic impairment

Caution:
* Children under 8 years old

63
Q

Tetracyclines
Drug Interactions

A

Digoxin (inc. risk of digoxin toxicity)

Food: Take on an empty stomach

64
Q

Tetracyclines
Adverse Effects

A

🤢 GI effects
🟡 Hepatotoxicity
😎 Photosensitivity
🦴 Damage to teeth & bones
🦹 Superinfections

65
Q

Tetracyclines
Assessment

A

History:
* Allergy, renal or hepatic disease, pregnancy or lactation

Physical:
* Skin
* Skeletal
* Abdomen

Labs:
* C&S
* Renal and Hepatic function tests

66
Q

Tetracyclines
Nursing Conclusions/Diagnoses

A
  • Impaired comfort (r/t adverse effects)
  • Malnutrition (r/t GI effects)
  • Altered skin integrity risk (r/t rash, photosensitivity)
  • Knowledge Deficit
67
Q

Tetracyclines
Implementation/Patient Teaching

A
  • Check culture & sensitivity report
  • Ensure pt. takes full course of treatment
  • Monitor renal and liver function tests
  • Take on an empty stomach with a full 8-oz glass of water
  • Small, frequent meals, mouth care, ice chips, or sugarless candy for GI effects
  • Encourage patient to apply sunscreen and wear protective clothing
  • Monitor for signs of superinfection
68
Q

Lincosamides

A

For use with serious infections
* Clindamycin
* Lincomycin

69
Q

Lipoglycopeptides

A

Televancin (IV)
Dalbavancin (IV)
Oritavancin (IV)
Vancomycin (IV and oral) - treats C.diff

70
Q

Vancomycin
Adverse Effects

A

🔴 Red Man syndrome: Caused by Rapid infusion or 1st infusion
Sudden hypotension, flushing, pruritis, red rash on face
Treated by slowing down infusion

💉 Vancomycin = Very irritating to the vein
* Make sure IV is patent
* Monitor IV site frequently during infusion

71
Q

Macrolides

A

Erythromycin
Azithromycin
Clarithromycin
Fidaxomicin (used to treat C. diff) - not absorbed systemically

72
Q

Oxazolidinones

A

Tedizolid
Linezolid
Adverse effect: Hypertension

73
Q

Monobactam

A

Aztreonam
IV/IM only

74
Q

Antimycobacterials/
Antituberculosis Drugs
Mechanism of Action & Indications

A

Bactericidal

Treats TB - always used in combination with another drug

75
Q

Antimycobacterials/
Antituberculosis Drugs
Drug Names

A

RIPE
Rifampin
Isoniazid (INH)
Pyrazinamide
Ethambutol

All 1st line treatments

76
Q

Antimycobacterials/
Antituberculosis Drugs
Contraindications

A

Absolute:
* Allergy

Relative:
* Renal or hepatic failure
* Pregnancy or lactation

77
Q

Antimycobacterials/
Antituberculosis Drugs
Drug Interactions

A

Do not use Rifampin and Isoniazid together without CLOSE monitoring
(increases risk for liver toxicity)

78
Q

Antimycobacterials/
Antituberculosis Drugs
Adverse Effects

A

CNS effects
GI irritation
Interferes with hormonal birth control
Rifampin:
* REDfampin: discolors bodily fluids a red color (urine, saliva, tears, sweat, etc.)
* Liver toxicity

Isoniazid:
* Interferes with absorption of Vitamin B6, leads to neuropathy
* Liver toxicity

Ethambutol:
* Baseline and periodic eye exams needed
* Report blurred vision or color changes

79
Q

Antimycobacterials/
Antituberculosis Drugs
Assessment

A

History:
* Allergy, renal or hepatic disease, pregnancy or lactation

Physical:
* Skin
* CNS
* GI
* Respiratory (to check TB infection)

Labs:
* C&S
* Renal and hepatic function tests

80
Q

Antimycobacterials/
Antituberculosis Drugs
Nursing Conclusions/Diagnoses

A
  • Malnutrition (r/t GI effects)
  • Altered sensory perception (r/t CNS effects)
  • Impaired comfort (r/t GI effects)
  • Knowledge Deficit
81
Q

Antimycobacterials/
Antituberculosis Drugs
Implementation/Patient Teaching

A
  • Check culture & sensitivity reports
  • Monitor renal and liver function tests results periodically during therapy
  • Ensure pt. receives FULL course of treatment: 6 months to 2 years
  • Small frequent meals, mouth care for GI effects
  • Adequate fluid
  • Barrier contraceptives
  • May need to re-educate over time due to long treatment
  • Rifampin: red bodily fluids - no need to report
  • INH: report numbness or tingling
  • Ethambutol: Report blurred vision

Pharmacology Exam #3 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions