Vitamins And Mineral Flashcards
What are water soluble vitamins
Vitamin B and C
What are fat soluble vitamins
Vitamin A, K, E, D
What are ways in which vitamins works?
Water soluble (coenzyme, catalyze specific reactions)
Antioxidants - Vitamin E, C
Hormones - Vitamin A and D
After oxidation vitamin C forms
Dehydroascorbic acid
For an oxidation reaction, what type of agent is Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)
Reducing agent
What are sources of Vitamin C
citrus fruits, green peppers, tomatoes, strawberries, broccoli, raw cabbage, baked tomatoes, papaya
Vitamin C is easily destroyed by
Cooking
What is the role of vitamin C (3)
- ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid form a reversible ox-reduction system
- biological ox-red rxns in cellular respiration
- connective tissue metabolism- formation of collagen
A deficiency in vitamin C leads to (2)
Scurvy
CT production inability - collagen, bone matrix, dentin, cartilage, vascular endothelium
Where can humans get Vitamin and why?
Can only get from diet since the human body cannot synthesize this vitamin
Adverse reactions of too much vitamin C
Precipitation of oxalate stones in the urinary tract
What are some (2) clinical consideration of vitamin C
- prevent common cold
- enhances the absorption of iron
What are the different classes of B vitamins (3)
- release energy
- catalyze formation of RBCs
- not required for human nutrition
What is vitamin B1
Thiamine
Source of Vitamin B1
Foods, animal and vegetable
What is the role of vitamin B1
Thiamin is an intermediary metabolism
A deficiency in thiamin leads to
Vitamin B1 = beriberi
What are some adverse reactions of vitamin B1
Thiamin is non - toxic but some are hypersensitive
What is Vitamin B1 used for
Treatment of a variety of manifestation of deficiencies
What is vitamin B2
Riboflavin
Where can you get vitamin B2
In both animal and vegetable
What is the role of vitamin B2
They are two flavoprotein Enzymes
What does the deficiency in vitamin B 2 cause
Symptoms involving the lips, tongue and skin
What are adverse reactions of vitamin B2
NON TOXIC YAY
A deficiency in vitamin B2 occurs commonly in
Alcoholics, economically deprived, or patients with severe GI disease
What is vitamin B3
Niacin or nicotinic acid
What is the role of vitamin b3
Alleviate symptoms of deficiency
A deficiency in vit b3 is called
Pellagra
Source of vitamin b3
Lean meats, fish, liver, poultry, legumes, and whole grains
What is the role of vitamin b3
Roles in metabolism through the participation of ox-red reactions
Large doses of vitamin B3 are
Cutaneous flushing, pruritis, GI distress
Uses of vitamin b3
Pellagra and hyperlipidemia
What is vit b6
Pyroxidine
The source of vitamin b6
Foods, both animal and vegetable
Deficiencies in vit b6 are
Rare
The adverse reactions of vitamin b6 are
Non toxic
Vit b6 can be prescribed with
Isoniazid
vit b6 can cancel the effect of
The drug levodopa
What is vitamin b9
Folic acid
Sources of vit b9
GRANULAR MEATS liver, some fruits and veg, wheat germ and yeast
What is the role of vitamin b9
transfer and utilization of one carbon groups
Deficiency of vitamin b9
Megaloplastic anemia
Adverse reactions of vitamin b9
Nontoxic
What are some effects of vitamin b9 in regards to pernicious anemia
B9 will cause remission of Hematologic effects of pernicious anemia
Vitamin b9 will also not in regards to vitamin b12 deficiencies
It will not prevent neurological effects caused by vit b12 deficiencies
Vitamin b12 is chemically complex because
It contains four extensively substituted pyrole rings surrounding a cobalt atom
Source of vit b12
Certain MOs that synthesize the vit
Role of b12
Coenzyme required in the conversion of methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl CoA
A deficiency in vitamin b12 causes
Hematopoiesis, GI disturbances, inadequate myelin synthesis, general debility
The most common cause in pernicious anemia is
The deficiency in vitamin b12
Adverse reactions of vit b12
Non toxic
Which individuals can exhibit symptoms of vitamin b12 deficiency
Vegetarians who have ha da gastrectomy
Panthothenic and biotin are what type of vitamins
Vitamin b - water soluble
Panthothenic acid is
A compound required to form acetyl-CoA
Source of panthothenic acid
All living material
Role of pathothenic acid
For normal epithelial rxn
Deficiency in pantothenic acid is
Rare
Pantothenic acid promotes
GI motility
What is biotin
Essential growth factor for yeast
Source of biotin
Almost all foods, synthesized by microflora by the intestinal tract
What is the role of biotin
The coenzyme required in metabolism of CO2 fixation reactions
Biotin deficiency
Occurs with long term parenteral nutrition
These agents can cause a biotin deficiency
Anti infective agents
What are the two B vitamins not req’d for human nutrition
Vitamin B15 (pangamic) B17 (amygdalin)
These two B compounds are not required in the human diet
Choline or inositol
What is vitamin a
Necessary for normal growth an maintaining health and integrity of epithelial tissues
Vitamin A represents these groups
Retinoids and carotenoids
Source of vitamin a
Saltwater fish and animal tissue
The greatest source of vitamin a is
Carotenes ( found in pigmented fruits and vegetables
Roles of vitamin A (4)
Prevents night blindness
Integrity of epithelial mucosa
Cell mediated and antibody immunity
Role in skin production
Deficiency in vitamin a causes (6)
Night blindness, xerophthalmia, dry rough skin, loss of appetite, diarrhea and reduced resistance to infection
Toxicity in vitamin A deficiency are (7)
Itching skin, desquamation, coarse or absent hair, painful subcutaneous swelling, gingivitis, hyper irritability, limitation of motion
Pharmacologic use of vitamin a
Trent in: acne tx
Isotretinoin - tx of severe cystic acne
Vitamin D sources are
UV irradiation from the skin
Foods: fortified milk, fatty fish, fish liver oils, butter, egg, yolk, liver, fortified juices
The role of vitamin D is
Mineralization of bone by stimulating intestinal absorption of calcium and decreasing excretion from the kidney
A deficiency in vitamin d
Produces inadequate absorption of calcium and phosphate with a decrease in plasma calcium
Toxicity of vitamin D
Symptoms of hypervitmaninosis of vitamin d are caused by abnormal calcium metabolism
Vitamin D are used to prevent
Rickets, chronic hypocalcemia, hypophosphotemia, osteodystrophy, and osteomalacia
These have naturally posses vitamin E activity
Tocopherol (there are eight of them)
Source of vitamin E
Vegetable oils
A deficiency in vitamin E causes (4)
Retinal degeneration, hemolytic anemia, muscle weakness, neurologic damage
Vit E deficiency
Is low
Daily intake of vitamin E should not exceed
1000 mg
What are therapeutic used of vitamin E
None has been proven
Vitamin K is present in
Hog liver and alfalfa
Sources of vitamin K
Green veg, egg yolk, soybean oil, and liver
Role of vitamin K
Normal blood coagulation
Toxicity of vitamin K increased
With the use of high dose synthetic form > jaundice
Iron is found in
Hemoglobin
Source of Iron
Organ meats, wheat germ, yeast, egg yolk, oysters, red meats, dried beans
Excretion of Iron
Does not since it wants to conserve it
Role of iron
Energy metabolism
Deficiency in iron occurs
With growth, blood loss, inadequate intake during pregnancy or lactation
Excess iron =
Liver cirrhosis, skin pigmentation
Toxicity of iron
Bleeding into intestine with acute OD = shock or death
Sources of zinc
Seafood and meat
Role of zinc
Digestive enzyme constituent, skin integrity, wound healing, growth
Deficiency in zinc =
Delay in sexual maturity, slow wound healing, slow growth
Excess in zinc =
Fever, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
Calcium role
Bone and tooth formation, blood clotting, nerve transmission, muscle contractility
Deficiency in calcium -
Stunted growth, rickets, osteoporosis, convulsions
Excess in calcium=
Hypocalcemia,soft tissue calcification, renal impairment, psychosis
