Other Hormones Flashcards
What are the glands in the endocrine system
Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, adrenals, gonads
What do endocrine glands secrete
Hormones
How are hormone secretions regulated
Through negative feedback systems
What drugs affect the endrocrine system
Hormones, sysnthetic hormone (agonist and antagonist), substances that influence synthesis and secretion of hormone
What is the master gland
Pituitary gland
Where is the pituitary gland located
At the base of the brain
Secreted hormones from the pituitary gland regulate
Thyroid, adrenal, and sex glands, uterus,
What type of effect does the pituitary gland have
Trophic effect - growth
A deficiency in pituitary hormones include
Loss of secondary sex charac, dwarfism, diabetes insipidus, hypothyroidism, addisons disease, retarded dental development
Hypersecretion of the pituitary causes
Sexual precocity, goitre, cushing disease, acromegaly, giantism
The pituitary is divided into two glands
Anterior and posterior glands
The anterior pituitary gland secrete stimulating hormones such as
GH, LH, follicle stimulating hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, prolactin
These are different pharmaceutical preparations of ant. P. Gland hormones
GH, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, leuprolide, bromocriptine
What is GnRH used for
This synthetic analog is used to treat prostate cancer and endometriosis
Leuprolide stimulates pituitary function which is used to treat
Infertility
What is bromocriptine and what is its function
Is a drug, to inhibit pituitary function
What does bromocriptine suppress? Treat for?
Prolactin levels. Tx prolactin secreting adenomas, acromegaly and Parkinson’s disease
What are the 2 hormones that the posterior p gland secretes
Vasopressin (ADH) and oxytocin
Vasopressin (ADH is used for? Oxytocin?
Transient diabetes insipidus and certain clotting disorders.
Induce labor, control postpartum hemorrhage and induce postpartum lactation
What hormones are secreted by the thyroid?
Triiodothyronine (T3) and Tetra (T4) - there are iodine containing hormones. Also secretes calcitonin
Thyroid hormones are important for
Energy metabolism, growth and developmental
Thyroid hormones are synthesized from
from iodine and tyrosine. Therefore an adequate intake of iodine is necessary
What are the different types of thyroid dysfunction
Hypo and hyperthyroidism
What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism (myxedemia)
Puffiness of skin, excessive fatigue, headaches, weight gain, dry skin, sensitivity to cold, brittle nails
What is the tx for hypothyroidism
Exogenous thyroid hormone:levothyroxine
What are the two forms of hyperthyroidism
- diffuse toxic goitre (graves disease) - younger
- toxic modular goitre (plummer disease) adult
What are the symptoms of hyperthyroidism
Goitre, trouble sleeping, heat sensitivity, increased sweating, hand tremors, rapid heartbeat, fine brittle hair, weight loss, fatigue or muscle weakness
Dental manifestations of hyperthyroidism
Accelerated tooth eruption, diffuse mineralization of the jawbone, rapid perio
Treatments of hypothyroidism
Radioactive iodine, thyroidectomy, anti thyroid drugs - for those who cannot tolerate iodine and thyroidectomy
Mgmt of dental patients with thyroid disfunction
Increased sensitivity to pain, higher tolerance to CNS depressants
What are the pancreatic hormone
Insulin and glucagon
Difference between insulin and glucagon
I: promotes fuel storage into the body, glucose out of blood into the cells
G: promotes fuel mobilization in the body, glucose into blood
Drugs that should be used with caution in diabetic patients
Epi, glucocorticosteroids, opioid analgesics
Symptoms of hypoglycemia
Sweating, weakness, nausea, mental confusion, incoherent speech
Tx of hypoglycemia
Conscious: give sugar
Unconscious: IV dextrose (50%)
Tx of hyperglycaemia
ER, no insulin, dental office is not equipped
Oral antidiabetic agents
Sulfonylureas, biguanides, non-sulfonylurea, alpha glucosidase inhibitors, thiazolidenediones
An indication for sulfonylureas are?
Type 2 diabetes when diet and exercise become insufficient
What are adverse effects of sulfonylureas
GIT disturbances, liver damage
How do biguanides work and who are they used for
Used in lowering blood glucose but does not produce hypoglycemia alone, can be used in combo with insulin and sulfonylureas, they are used for type 2 diabetics
Non sulfonylureas is comparable to
Sulfonylurea in regards to blood glucose control, but less hypoglycemia
When are non-sulfonylureas should be talken
Taken with meals
How do alpha glucosidase inhibitors work
By slowing down the breakdown of ingested carbohydrates.
Adverse reactions of alpha glucosidase inhibitors
Flatulence
How do thiazolidenediones work
Increase insulin sensitivity of adipose tissue, skeletal tissue and liver
Side effects of thiazolidenediones
Weight gain and fluid retention
Where is glucagon produces
This polypeptide hormone is produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas
What are the two main female sex hormones
Estrogens and progestin
female hormones are secreted by
The ovaries
Female hormones are responsible for
Female sex characteristics, developing the reproductive system and preparing the reproductive system for conception
Estrogen is largely responsible for
Changes that occurs in puberty in girls
What is the most potent endogenous estrogen
17 beta estradiol
Synthetic estrogens are used for
Menstrual disturbances, osteoporosis, symptoms of menopause
Progestin is for
The preparation of conception in the reproductive system
Progestin is also used for symptom management of
Menopause
Hormonal contraceptives consist of
A combination of estrogen and progestin
Seasonale is
An extended cycle contraceptive
Drug interactions with hormonal contraceptives
Antibiotics
Dental considerations for those on hormonal contraceptives
Potential dry socket, candidiasis infections, monitor for gingivitis, gingival inflammation and perio, increased risk for thromboembolytic disease
What is the main male sex hormone
Androgen > tertosterone
Exogenous androgens are used for
Muscle gain
Side effects of exogenous androgens
Mood changes including aggression, and psychosis
