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Nutrition > Vitamins > Flashcards

Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

Vitamin A is also called?

A

Retinol - it is part of the retinoid family which is present in food and the body as esters combined with long chain fatty acids

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2
Q

What is the richest source of Vitamin A and other good sources?

A

Richest - Liver. Other sources include milk, butter, cheese, egg yolks and fish oils

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3
Q

What is the sufficient RNI for Vitamin A per day?

A

700micrograms

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4
Q

What is the RNI for Vitamin D (cholecalciferol) per day?

A

No recommendation

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5
Q

What is the LRNI for Vitamin D per day living indoors?

A

10 micrograms

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6
Q

What is the major clinical feature seen in the deficiency of Vitamin A?

A

Xeropthalmia (night blindess),

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7
Q

What is the major clinical feature seen in the deficiency of Vitamin D?

A

Rickets in children, Osteomalacia in adults

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8
Q

What are the main dietary sources of Vitamin D?

A

Oily fish, Fortified breakfast cereals and margarine, eggs, milk

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9
Q

What is the RNI for Vitamin K per day?

A

1microgram/kg body weight

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10
Q

What is the major clinical feature seen in those deficient in Vitamin K?

A

Coagulation defects

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11
Q

What are the main dietary sources of vitamin K?

A

Green leafy vegetables, liver, cheese, certain fruits (kiwi, rhubarb)

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12
Q

What is the RNI for Vitamin E per day?

A

15micrograms

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13
Q

What is the major clinical feature of Vitamin E deficiency?

A

Neurological disorders e.g. ataxia

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14
Q

What are the main dietary sources of Vitamin E?

A

Plant oils (soya, palm), animal fats, nuts, seeds, vegetables and wheatgerm

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15
Q

What is the other name given to Vitamin B1?

A

Thiamine

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16
Q

What is the major clinical feature of B1 Thiamine deficiency?

A

Beri Beri, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

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17
Q

What are the main dietary sources of Vitamin B1?

A

Wide range of animal and vegetable products. Fortified cereals, flour and bread, unrefined cereals, grains, nuts, legumes, organ meats

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18
Q

What is the other name given to Vitamin B2?

A

Riboflavin

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19
Q

What is the main clinical feature of B2 deficiency?

A

Angular stomatitis

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20
Q

What are the main dietary sources of Vitamin B2?

A

Dairy products (major source), cereal grains, meat, fish, broccoli and spinach

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21
Q

What is the other name given to Vitamin B3?

A

Niacin

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22
Q

What are the main clinical features of Niacin deficiency/

A

Pellagra

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23
Q

What are the main dietary sources of Niacin?

A

Meat and cereals

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24
Q

What is the other name given to Vitamin B6?

A

Pyridoxine

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25
Q

What is the major clinical feature of pyridoxine deficiency?

A

Polyneuropathy

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26
Q

What are the main dietary sources of pyridoxine?

A

Meat and cereals

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27
Q

What is the other name given to Vitamin B12?

A

Cobalamin

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28
Q

What is the major clinical feature presented in Cobalamin deficiency?

A

Megaloblastic anaemia and neurological disorders

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29
Q

What are the main dietary sources of B12?

A

Animal (esp liver) and plant foods (veg)

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30
Q

What is the RNI for Folate per day?

A

200 micrograms

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31
Q

What is the main clinical feature of folate deficiency?

A

Megaloblastic anaemia

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32
Q

What is another name given to Vitamin C?

A

Ascorbic acid

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33
Q

What is the RNI for Vitamin C?

A

40 milligrams

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34
Q

What is the major clinical feature seen in those with Vitamin C deficiency?

A

Scurvy

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35
Q

What are the main dietary sources of Vitamin C?

A

Fresh veg, citrus fruit, strawberries, spinach and tomatoes

36
Q

What is the main carotenoid found in green vegetables, carrots and other yellow and red fruits?

A

Beta-carotene

37
Q

Beta-carotene is cleaved in the intestinal mucosa by carotene dioxygenase, yielding retinaldehyde which can be reduced to?

A

Retinol

38
Q

Nutritionally, 6micrograms of beta-carotene is the equivalent to how much preformed retinol?

A

1 microgram

39
Q

Where is retinol stored?

A

In the liver

40
Q

What are the possible adverse effects of high Vitamin A consumption?

A

Liver and bone damage, hair loss, double vision, vomiting, headaches

41
Q

Retinol is teratogenic meaning?

A

It causes birth defects >3mg a day during pregnancy

42
Q

How is Vitamin D status assessed?

A

Measurements of 25 hydroxyvitamin D in the serum

43
Q

Reduced circulating concentrations of Vitamin D can result not only from a lack of exposure to sunlight and a poor diet but?

A

Also from inflammation, smoking and obesity

44
Q

What is vitamin K found as in green leafy veg, dairy products, rapeseed and soya bean oils?

A

Phylloquinone (Vit K1)

45
Q

What is the other major form of Vitamin K other than phylloquinone that can be synthesised by intestinal bacteria in the terminal ileum and colon?

A

Menaquinone (Vit K2)

46
Q

Vitamin K is absorbed in a similar patter to Vit A D E in which site of the body?

A

Upper small intestine

47
Q

Some menaquinones also need to be absorbed because this is the major form found in which organ?

A

The liver

48
Q

Vitamin K is a co-factor necessary for what two things?

A
  1. Production of blood clotting factors and other proteins involved in coagulation
  2. proteins necessary for the formation of bone
49
Q

Vitamin K deficiency can lead to?

A

Inadequate synthesis of clotting factors and poor bone health

50
Q

Vitamin K deficiency occurs in newborns due to?

A
  1. Poor placental transfer of vitamin K
  2. Low amount of Vit K in breast milk
  3. Lack of liver stores of menaquinone (no intestinal bacteria in newborn)
51
Q

Vitamin E includes how many naturally occurring compounds which can be divided into tocopherols and tocotrienols?

A

8

52
Q

Which form of Vitamin E acts for 90% of this vitamin in the body?

A

d-d-alpha-tocopherol or RRR-a-tocopherol

53
Q

Animal products are poor sources of which fat soluble vitamin?

A

E

54
Q

Vitamin E is absorbed with fat and transported in the blood largely in?

A

Low density lipoproteins

55
Q

An individual’s vitamin E requirement depends on their intake of?

A

PUFAs - if more PUFAs are taken in, more vitamin E is required

56
Q

What are the main roles of vitamin E?

A
  1. Membrane stability
  2. Protects cellular structures against damage from a number of highly reactive species
  3. Effects cell proliferation and growth
57
Q

What is the main function of Vitamin B1 Thiamine?

A

Thiamine diphosphate AKA thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) is an essential co-factor, particularly in carbohydrate metabolism

58
Q

B1 is involved in the decarboyxlation of AcetylCoA in which organelle?

A

Mitochondria

59
Q

More thiamine is needed in a diet rich in which macro?

A

Carbohydrates

60
Q

The majority of Thiamine is found where in the body?

A

Liver

61
Q

What are the 3 main scenarios where Thiamine deficiency is seen?

A
  1. Beriberi - where the only staple food is under-milled or parboiled rice
  2. Alcoholism - consuming virtually no food
  3. Starved patients
62
Q

Dry beriberi usually presents with what clinical feature?

A

Polyneuropathy

63
Q

Wet beriberi usually presents with what clinical feature?

A

Oedema

64
Q

What is infantile beri beri?

A

Occurs in breast fed children around 3 months of age due to mother having virtually nil stores of thiamine where the infant becomes anorexic, develops oedema and aphonia.

65
Q

In the developed world which group is a major sufferer of thiamine deficiency?

A

Alcoholics or those with severe acute illness receiving a high carbohydrate infusion without vitamins

66
Q

What are good sources of riboflavin?

A

Diary products, offal and leafy veg

67
Q

Is riboflavin destroyed by cooking or sunlight?

A

Sunlight

68
Q

Niacin is the generic names for which two chemical forms?

A

Nicotinic acid and nicotinamide

69
Q

Nicotinic acid and nicotinamide act as acceptors of what in oxidative reactions?

A

Hydrogen

70
Q

What are the reduced forms of nicotinic acid and nicotinamide?

A

NADH and NADPH - hydrogen donors in reduction reactions

71
Q

Many oxidative steps in the production of ATP require reduced forms of nicotinic acid and nicotinamide aka?

A

NADH and NADP

72
Q

Niacin can be synthesised in humans from which amino acid?

A

Tryptophan

73
Q

Pellagra is a rare condition found in people who eat virtually only?

A

Maize (mainly in Africa) - as it contains niacin in the form of niacytin which is biologically unavailable and has a low content of tryptophan

74
Q

Biotin is involved in what type of reactions?

A

Carboxylase

75
Q

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is a powerful reducing agent that controls what within cells?

A

The redox potential

76
Q

Vitamin C is lost in food stuff via?

A

Storage, placed in water, during cooking

77
Q

Which groups show deficiencies in vitamin c?

A

Infants fed boiled milk, elderly, asians eating only rice and chappatis, and single people who do not each veg

78
Q

What causes free radical generation?

A

During the inflammatory process, radiotherapy, smoking and in the course of a wide range of diseases

79
Q

What may free radicals cause?

A

Uncontrolled damage of multiple cellular components the most sensitive being unsaturated lipids, proteins and DNA

80
Q

What enables defence against free radical damage?

A

Antioxidant enzymes and antioxidants

81
Q

A high intake of nuts (rich in Vit E), red wine, onions and apples (rich in flavanoids) are strong scavengers of free radicals linked to a reduced risk of?

A

Cardiovascular Disease

82
Q

Cardiovascular disease is higher in which season and why?

A

Winter due to reduced consumption of fresh fruit and veg

83
Q

The tissue content of which antioxidant is a marker of vegetable intake which is markedly low in those with myocardial infarction incidence?

A

Lycopene - found in tomatoes and other red fruits and veg such as red carrots, watermelons, grapefruits and papayas

84
Q

The circulating concentration of which amino acid is an independent risk factor of cardiovascular disease?

A

Homocysteine (high levels = high risk)

85
Q

Homocysteine has shown detrimental effects on vascular function including?

A
  1. Damaging endothelial cells of blood vessels
  2. Increasing blood vessel stiffness
  3. Increased blood coagulation
86
Q

Homocysteine is not found in food but results from what?

A

Metabolism within the body which depends on folic acid, B12 and pyridoxine (B6) - deficiency of these is at greater risk in the elderly which could increase homocysteine concentrations

Nutrition (12 decks)

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