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Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

Vitamin A is also called?

A

Retinol - it is part of the retinoid family which is present in food and the body as esters combined with long chain fatty acids

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2
Q

What is the richest source of Vitamin A and other good sources?

A

Richest - Liver. Other sources include milk, butter, cheese, egg yolks and fish oils

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3
Q

What is the sufficient RNI for Vitamin A per day?

A

700micrograms

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4
Q

What is the RNI for Vitamin D (cholecalciferol) per day?

A

No recommendation

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5
Q

What is the LRNI for Vitamin D per day living indoors?

A

10 micrograms

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6
Q

What is the major clinical feature seen in the deficiency of Vitamin A?

A

Xeropthalmia (night blindess),

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7
Q

What is the major clinical feature seen in the deficiency of Vitamin D?

A

Rickets in children, Osteomalacia in adults

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8
Q

What are the main dietary sources of Vitamin D?

A

Oily fish, Fortified breakfast cereals and margarine, eggs, milk

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9
Q

What is the RNI for Vitamin K per day?

A

1microgram/kg body weight

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10
Q

What is the major clinical feature seen in those deficient in Vitamin K?

A

Coagulation defects

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11
Q

What are the main dietary sources of vitamin K?

A

Green leafy vegetables, liver, cheese, certain fruits (kiwi, rhubarb)

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12
Q

What is the RNI for Vitamin E per day?

A

15micrograms

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13
Q

What is the major clinical feature of Vitamin E deficiency?

A

Neurological disorders e.g. ataxia

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14
Q

What are the main dietary sources of Vitamin E?

A

Plant oils (soya, palm), animal fats, nuts, seeds, vegetables and wheatgerm

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15
Q

What is the other name given to Vitamin B1?

A

Thiamine

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16
Q

What is the major clinical feature of B1 Thiamine deficiency?

A

Beri Beri, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

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17
Q

What are the main dietary sources of Vitamin B1?

A

Wide range of animal and vegetable products. Fortified cereals, flour and bread, unrefined cereals, grains, nuts, legumes, organ meats

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18
Q

What is the other name given to Vitamin B2?

A

Riboflavin

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19
Q

What is the main clinical feature of B2 deficiency?

A

Angular stomatitis

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20
Q

What are the main dietary sources of Vitamin B2?

A

Dairy products (major source), cereal grains, meat, fish, broccoli and spinach

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21
Q

What is the other name given to Vitamin B3?

A

Niacin

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22
Q

What are the main clinical features of Niacin deficiency/

A

Pellagra

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23
Q

What are the main dietary sources of Niacin?

A

Meat and cereals

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24
Q

What is the other name given to Vitamin B6?

A

Pyridoxine

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25
What is the major clinical feature of pyridoxine deficiency?
Polyneuropathy
26
What are the main dietary sources of pyridoxine?
Meat and cereals
27
What is the other name given to Vitamin B12?
Cobalamin
28
What is the major clinical feature presented in Cobalamin deficiency?
Megaloblastic anaemia and neurological disorders
29
What are the main dietary sources of B12?
Animal (esp liver) and plant foods (veg)
30
What is the RNI for Folate per day?
200 micrograms
31
What is the main clinical feature of folate deficiency?
Megaloblastic anaemia
32
What is another name given to Vitamin C?
Ascorbic acid
33
What is the RNI for Vitamin C?
40 milligrams
34
What is the major clinical feature seen in those with Vitamin C deficiency?
Scurvy
35
What are the main dietary sources of Vitamin C?
Fresh veg, citrus fruit, strawberries, spinach and tomatoes
36
What is the main carotenoid found in green vegetables, carrots and other yellow and red fruits?
Beta-carotene
37
Beta-carotene is cleaved in the intestinal mucosa by carotene dioxygenase, yielding retinaldehyde which can be reduced to?
Retinol
38
Nutritionally, 6micrograms of beta-carotene is the equivalent to how much preformed retinol?
1 microgram
39
Where is retinol stored?
In the liver
40
What are the possible adverse effects of high Vitamin A consumption?
Liver and bone damage, hair loss, double vision, vomiting, headaches
41
Retinol is teratogenic meaning?
It causes birth defects >3mg a day during pregnancy
42
How is Vitamin D status assessed?
Measurements of 25 hydroxyvitamin D in the serum
43
Reduced circulating concentrations of Vitamin D can result not only from a lack of exposure to sunlight and a poor diet but?
Also from inflammation, smoking and obesity
44
What is vitamin K found as in green leafy veg, dairy products, rapeseed and soya bean oils?
Phylloquinone (Vit K1)
45
What is the other major form of Vitamin K other than phylloquinone that can be synthesised by intestinal bacteria in the terminal ileum and colon?
Menaquinone (Vit K2)
46
Vitamin K is absorbed in a similar patter to Vit A D E in which site of the body?
Upper small intestine
47
Some menaquinones also need to be absorbed because this is the major form found in which organ?
The liver
48
Vitamin K is a co-factor necessary for what two things?
1. Production of blood clotting factors and other proteins involved in coagulation 2. proteins necessary for the formation of bone
49
Vitamin K deficiency can lead to?
Inadequate synthesis of clotting factors and poor bone health
50
Vitamin K deficiency occurs in newborns due to?
1. Poor placental transfer of vitamin K 2. Low amount of Vit K in breast milk 3. Lack of liver stores of menaquinone (no intestinal bacteria in newborn)
51
Vitamin E includes how many naturally occurring compounds which can be divided into tocopherols and tocotrienols?
8
52
Which form of Vitamin E acts for 90% of this vitamin in the body?
d-d-alpha-tocopherol or RRR-a-tocopherol
53
Animal products are poor sources of which fat soluble vitamin?
E
54
Vitamin E is absorbed with fat and transported in the blood largely in?
Low density lipoproteins
55
An individual's vitamin E requirement depends on their intake of?
PUFAs - if more PUFAs are taken in, more vitamin E is required
56
What are the main roles of vitamin E?
1. Membrane stability 2. Protects cellular structures against damage from a number of highly reactive species 3. Effects cell proliferation and growth
57
What is the main function of Vitamin B1 Thiamine?
Thiamine diphosphate AKA thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) is an essential co-factor, particularly in carbohydrate metabolism
58
B1 is involved in the decarboyxlation of AcetylCoA in which organelle?
Mitochondria
59
More thiamine is needed in a diet rich in which macro?
Carbohydrates
60
The majority of Thiamine is found where in the body?
Liver
61
What are the 3 main scenarios where Thiamine deficiency is seen?
1. Beriberi - where the only staple food is under-milled or parboiled rice 2. Alcoholism - consuming virtually no food 3. Starved patients
62
Dry beriberi usually presents with what clinical feature?
Polyneuropathy
63
Wet beriberi usually presents with what clinical feature?
Oedema
64
What is infantile beri beri?
Occurs in breast fed children around 3 months of age due to mother having virtually nil stores of thiamine where the infant becomes anorexic, develops oedema and aphonia.
65
In the developed world which group is a major sufferer of thiamine deficiency?
Alcoholics or those with severe acute illness receiving a high carbohydrate infusion without vitamins
66
What are good sources of riboflavin?
Diary products, offal and leafy veg
67
Is riboflavin destroyed by cooking or sunlight?
Sunlight
68
Niacin is the generic names for which two chemical forms?
Nicotinic acid and nicotinamide
69
Nicotinic acid and nicotinamide act as acceptors of what in oxidative reactions?
Hydrogen
70
What are the reduced forms of nicotinic acid and nicotinamide?
NADH and NADPH - hydrogen donors in reduction reactions
71
Many oxidative steps in the production of ATP require reduced forms of nicotinic acid and nicotinamide aka?
NADH and NADP
72
Niacin can be synthesised in humans from which amino acid?
Tryptophan
73
Pellagra is a rare condition found in people who eat virtually only?
Maize (mainly in Africa) - as it contains niacin in the form of niacytin which is biologically unavailable and has a low content of tryptophan
74
Biotin is involved in what type of reactions?
Carboxylase
75
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is a powerful reducing agent that controls what within cells?
The redox potential
76
Vitamin C is lost in food stuff via?
Storage, placed in water, during cooking
77
Which groups show deficiencies in vitamin c?
Infants fed boiled milk, elderly, asians eating only rice and chappatis, and single people who do not each veg
78
What causes free radical generation?
During the inflammatory process, radiotherapy, smoking and in the course of a wide range of diseases
79
What may free radicals cause?
Uncontrolled damage of multiple cellular components the most sensitive being unsaturated lipids, proteins and DNA
80
What enables defence against free radical damage?
Antioxidant enzymes and antioxidants
81
A high intake of nuts (rich in Vit E), red wine, onions and apples (rich in flavanoids) are strong scavengers of free radicals linked to a reduced risk of?
Cardiovascular Disease
82
Cardiovascular disease is higher in which season and why?
Winter due to reduced consumption of fresh fruit and veg
83
The tissue content of which antioxidant is a marker of vegetable intake which is markedly low in those with myocardial infarction incidence?
Lycopene - found in tomatoes and other red fruits and veg such as red carrots, watermelons, grapefruits and papayas
84
The circulating concentration of which amino acid is an independent risk factor of cardiovascular disease?
Homocysteine (high levels = high risk)
85
Homocysteine has shown detrimental effects on vascular function including?
1. Damaging endothelial cells of blood vessels 2. Increasing blood vessel stiffness 3. Increased blood coagulation
86
Homocysteine is not found in food but results from what?
Metabolism within the body which depends on folic acid, B12 and pyridoxine (B6) - deficiency of these is at greater risk in the elderly which could increase homocysteine concentrations

Nutrition (12 decks)

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