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Nutrition > Obesity > Flashcards

Obesity Flashcards

1
Q

Obesity is defined as a BMI over?

A

30kg/m2

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2
Q

Hormonal imbalance is often incriminated in women after menopause or when on the contraceptive pill however most of this weight gain is?

A

Small and often due to water retention

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3
Q

Which hormone is secreted from fat cells is thought to act as a feedback mechanism between adipose tissue and the brain acting as a lipostat and controlling fat stored through the regulation of hunger and satiety?

A

Leptin

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4
Q

A 10.5kcal daily excess would lead to how much weight gain over 20 years?

A

10kg

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5
Q

Following a meal which hormones are secreted from the small intestine?

A

Cholecystokinin, bombesin, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), enterostatin and somatostatin

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6
Q

Following a meal which hormones are secreted from the pancreas?

A

Glucagon and insulin

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7
Q

Which gland in the body is the main regulatory of body weight?

A

Hypothalamus

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8
Q

Which peripheral appetite suppressing signals act centrally to activate the appetite suppressing pathway (while also inhibiting the appetite stimulating pathway) following a meal?

A

Insulin and Leptin

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9
Q

Insulin and Leptin hormones circulate in proportion to what?

A

Adipose tissue mass

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10
Q

Peptide YY (PYY) is produced by L cells by which organs in proportion to the energy ingested?

A

Distal small bowel and large bowel

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11
Q

PYY is thought to ____ appetite?

A

Decrease

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12
Q

Other than PYY which other appetite suppressing signals are produced y the gut in a nutrient dependent manner?

A

Oxyntomodulin and Glucagon-like peptide 1

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13
Q

How many amino acids does Ghrelin contain?

A

28-amino-acetylated peptide

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14
Q

Where is Ghrelin produced in the body?

A

Oxyntic cells in the fundus (top dome) of the stomach

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15
Q

Is the circulatory concentration of Ghrelin high or low before a meal?

A

High and is reduced following the consumption of energy or glucose - Unlike PYY which inreases after a meal

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16
Q

Unlike insulin and leptin, Ghrelin is ______ related to the individuals BMI?

A

Inversely related - lower BMI means more Ghrelin

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17
Q

Which situations cause the increase in Ghrelin?

A

long term exercise, very low calorie diets, anorexia nervosa and both cancer and cardiac cachexia

18
Q

Which peptide produced by the same gene that encodes ghrelin counteracts the increase in food intake induced by ghrelin?

A

Obestatin

19
Q

What are the two main pathways in the arcuate nucleus?

A
  1. The central appetite stimulating (orexigenic) pathway which expresses Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti pathway-related protein (AgRp)
  2. The central appetite suppressing (anorexigenic) pathway in the upper arcuate nucleus which stimulates and proopiomelanocortin/cocaine-and-anfetamine-regulated transcript (POMC/CART)
20
Q

Is BMR higher in obese or lean individuals

A

Obese because they are associated with a higher lean body mass

21
Q

Do lean or obese individuals exert more energy during physical activity?

A

Obese because they have more mass to move

22
Q

Do lean or obese individuals have a reduced dietary-induced thermogensis?

A

Obese which also means they tend to favour energy deposition

23
Q

When stimulated by cold or food, brown adipose tissue in animals dissipates the energy derived from ingested food into?

A

Heat

24
Q

What are considered normal tricep skinfold thickness measurements in a man and a woman?

A

20mm in a man, and 30mm in a woman

25
Q

Fat located centrally, especially inside the abdomen are more sensitive to?

A

Lipolytic stimuli

26
Q

What should be amended on a sphygmomanometer if measuring an individual with a large arm circumference?

A

A larger cuff - to reduce artefacts in the data

27
Q

Which criteria has lower cut-off points for waist circumference (~25kg/m2) and lower fasting blood concentrations meaning it identifies at-risk patients at an earlier stage?

A

International Diabetes Foundation Criteria

28
Q

Which factors are measures to determine metabolic syndrome?

A

Waist circumference, Triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, Blood pressure and fasting glucose

29
Q

Many obese individuals oscillate in weight meaning they regain the lost weight and then lose it again in a cycle which increases their risk in the development of?

A

Coronary Artery Disease

30
Q

Many dietary regimens aim to produce a weight loss of approximately ___ per week?

A

1kg

31
Q

Initial weight loss is greater due to?

A

Accompanying glycogen and protein breakdown and consequent water loss

32
Q

After 3-4 weeks weight loss may be small due to?

A

Only adipose tissue being broken down and less accompanying water loss

33
Q

Short term weight loss is faster on which type of diet?

A

Low carbohydrate diet due to greater loss of body water, which is regained when the diet stops

34
Q

Very low fat diets are often deficient in which vitamins and mineral?

A

E and B12 and in zinc

35
Q

What effect does a low fat diet have on HDL and LDL?

A

Increased HDL and decreased LDL

36
Q

What effect does a low carb diet have on HDL and LDL?

A

Greater decrease in HDL and triglyceride and no change on LDL

37
Q

Are liquids more or less satiating than solid foods?

A

Less

38
Q

Which drug, licensed for obesity in 2015 is a pancreatic

and gastric lipase inhibitor?

A

Orlistat

39
Q

Bariatric or metabolic surgery is a treatment option for those with BMI?

A

> 40kg/m2 or >35kg/m2 with obesity-related complications

40
Q

What are the main three groups of gastrointestinal surgical procedures?

A
  1. Restrictive (gastric banding)
  2. Malabsorptive (reduce ability to absorb nutrients)
  3. Restrictive + Malabsorptive

Nutrition (12 decks)

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