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Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

What did the human genome project HGP achieve?

A

The sequencing, structure and functioning of all the genes that make homo sapiens known collectively as the genome

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2
Q

The HGP revealed there are around how many human genes?

A

20,500

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3
Q

What is a genome?

A

A genome is an organism’s complete set of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) (total gene set)

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4
Q

The human genome has around how many base pairs existing within how many pairs of chromosomes?

A

The human genome contains approximately 3 billion of these base pairs, which reside in the 23 pairs of chromosomes within the nucleus of all our cells

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5
Q

Each chromosome contains how many genes?

A

Hundreds to thousands

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6
Q

Each of the estimated 30,000 genes in the human chromosome make an average of how many proteins?

A

3 proteins

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7
Q

What is DNA sequencing?

A

Determining the exact order of the base pairs in a segment of DNA

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8
Q

What is nutritional genomics?

A

Nutritional genomics, also known as nutrigenomics, is a science studying the relationship between human genome, nutrition and health. People in the field work toward developing an understanding of how the whole body responds to a food via systems biology, as well as single gene/single food compound relationships.

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9
Q

DNA is kept inside which structures in the cells?

A

Chromosomes

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10
Q

What is a gene?

A

A section of DNA that contains a specific code

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11
Q

How is the code written in DNA?

A

In 4 letters AGTC as chemical bases (nucleotides)

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12
Q

A genes sequence tells the cell how to make a specific?

A

Protein

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13
Q

Proteins control cellular?

A

Structure and function

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14
Q

Proteins include enzymes, receptors, peptide hormones and?

A

structural building blocks

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15
Q

Variations in ____ is the reason why no two people are the same?

A

Genes

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16
Q

Genetic variation accounts for many inherited traits including?

A
  1. Hair colour
  2. Blood Type
  3. Tendency to gain weight
  4. Nutrient assimilation
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17
Q

Mutations affect ____% of the populations and often cause a predictable condition

A

<1%

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18
Q

What is a single nucleotide polymorphism AKA SNP?

A

A change in a single nucleotide (AGCT) in the genome that causes variations in DNA sequences between members of the same species. Simple typo such as cytosine joined with adenine instead of guanine

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19
Q

Around how many single nucleotide polymorphisms or SNPs does your genome contain?

A

10,000,000 but only a really small number of polymorphisms effect the protein that is made

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20
Q

What are common, modified by other factors and unable to directly cause disease?

A

SNPs

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21
Q

Responses to common dietary lifestyle factors and influence nutritional needs?

A

SNPs

22
Q

What is an allele?

A

Different version of the same gene

23
Q

SNPs have identification number AKA?

A

RS numbers which are useful when searching the online medical literature

24
Q

What is a genotype?

A

How many copies of the gene, if any, contain the variation

25
Q

Everyone has ___ copies of most genes

A

2 - one from each parent

26
Q

If neither gene copy (from each parent) has a variant the genotype is called?

A

Wildtype - normal

27
Q

If only one copy of genes from each parent has a variant the genotype is called?

A

Heterozygous

28
Q

If both gene copies are affected by a variant they are called?

A

Homozygous

29
Q

What factors can influence the effect of a SNP?

A

Diet, genetic, environmental and epigenetic factors

30
Q

What is the point of nutrigenomic?

A

To understand why some people respond differently to the same foods, beverages and supplements they consume due to their genetics

31
Q

How is nutrigenomics applied?

A

Genetic information is used to investigate how nutrients interact with our genes to impact our health and performance

32
Q

What can up-regulate or down-regulate the expression of some genes?

A

Diet

33
Q

Diet can also cause epigenetic changes in the genes which are?

A

Modifications to sequences of genes which can be inherited

34
Q

The sequence of our individual genes can effect our response to?

A

Diet

35
Q

Before a gene can act on the ingested food or consumed food genes can also influence what?

A

Food selection (why some people tend to consume more sugar) - e.g. variations in a glucose transporter expressed in regions of the brain that influence appetite - Some people with impaired glucose sensing ability (based on their genetics)

36
Q

What is personalised nutrition in terms of genetics?

A

Targeted dietary prescriptions for the individual based on genetics and lifestyle

37
Q

What are the three levels of personalised, functional medicine based health?

A
  1. Genetics (SNPs)
  2. Epigenetics (phosphorylation)
  3. Biochemical (functional biomarkers)
38
Q

Sulforaphane in broccoli can turn off _____ (cancer-initiating or causing genes)

A

Oncogenes

39
Q

Resveratrol in grape skin can lead to changes in gene expression that cause a shift in what two things?

A

Energy production and metabolism. Resveratrol can mimic the effects of caloric restriction

40
Q

Food is full of ___ signals?

A

Information

41
Q

A calorie is to be judged upon __?

A

The context it comes from

42
Q

Clinical trials need to include genetic variability in _____ as a factor?

A

SNPs

43
Q

What is the biggest SNP in functional medicine?

A

Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphisms (MTHFR) - enzyme responsible for turning folate into the available form

44
Q

What are the two different copies of the MTHFR gene?

A

C677T and A1298C

45
Q

If we have the Wild type of the MTHFR gene what does this mean?

A

We have the full strength of the enzyme

46
Q

If we have the heterozygous type of the MTHFR gene what does this mean?

A

We have some enzyme activity reduced 30-40% - reduced methylation

47
Q

If we have the homozygous type of the MTHFR gene what does this mean?

A

The enzyme activity is reduced by 60-70% - reduced methylation

48
Q

What is the importance of functioning methylation in terms of clinical conditions?

A

Reduced methylation is associated with Alzheimer’s, anxiety, cancer, cognitive decline, depression, heart disease and stroke, OCD and spina bifida in NTDs

49
Q

What can accumulate if we do not have good methylation?

A

Homocysteine (not beneficial to have in high levels)

50
Q

High homocysteine levels in general may indicate low levels of?

A

B vitamins (mainly folate)

51
Q

What would the methylation diet contain?

A

Dark green leafy veg and other B vitamin-rich foods & heathy lifestyle

Nutrition (12 decks)

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