Vitamins Flashcards
Vitamin A storage forms: ______ ______ from animals + _____ ______ from plants.
Active forms: _____, _____ _____, ______
Important for ____ cells involved in _____ vision + _____ vision
Important for cell ________ in ______ and ____
Mild Vitamin A deficiency: _____ ______
Severe deficiency: ________, _______, ______
Vitamin A storage forms: RETINYL ESTERS from animals + BETA CAROTENE from plants.
Active forms: RETINAL, RETINOIC ACID, RETINOL
Important for ROD cells involved in NIGHT vision + BLACK/WHITE vision
Important for cell DIFFERENTIATION in EPITHELIUM and SKIN
Mild Vitamin A deficiency: NIGHT BLINDNESS
Severe deficiency: XEROTHALMIA, HYPERKERATOSIS, INFECTIONS
Vitamin D: _____ binds vitamin D receptor in intestinal cell, which is transported to _______, binds to ______, causes transcription of _____ which escorts dietary _____ cross cell into _____.
Vitamin D Deficiency: can see _______ signal in ________ ____ matter, increased risk for ________. Rate of _____ ______ accelerates with deficiency.
Vitamin D: CALCITRIOL binds vitamin D receptor in intestinal cell, which is transported to NUCLEUS, binds to VDRE, causes transcription of CALBINDIN which escorts dietary CA cross cell into BLOOD.
Vitamin D Deficiency: can see HYPERINTENSE signal in PERIVENTRICULAR matter, increased risk for ALZHEIMERS. Rate of COGNITIVE DECLINE accelerates with deficiency.
Vitamin K: ________ from plants, ________ from bacteria in __, menadione is ___-_____.
- _______ blocks vitmain k’s action
- vitamin K works with ___ to activate ______ _____ in the _____ _______.
- aids in formation of ______ by activating _______ which helps form __________
Vitamin K: PHYLLOQUINONE from plants, MENOQUINONE from bacteria in LI, menadione is PRO-VITAMIN.
- WARFARIN blocks vitmain k’s action
- vitamin K works with CA to activate CLOTTING FACTORS in the CLOTTING CASCADE.
- aids in formation of BONE by activating OSTEOCALCIN which helps form HYDROXYAPATITE
Vitamin E: protects _______ against ____ _____. Important for tissues exposed to ____.
Vitamin E Deficiency: _______ ______ which can be seen in infants and ___ patients. Will see weakened _____ due to _____ damage. Will see ______ problems.
Vitamin E: protects MEMBRANES against FREE RADICALS. Important for tissues exposed to O2.
Vitamin E Deficiency: HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA which can be seen in infants and CF patients. Will see weakened MEMBRANES due to OXIDATIVE damage. Will see NEUROLOGICAL problems.
Vitamin C:
- can act as _________ by reducing _____ to ______.
- reduces ___, __, and ___
- aids in synthesis of ______, ______, ___, ______ _____, and ______.
Vitamin C supplements can exacerbate _______ because it facilitates __ sequestration in cells.
Vitamin C:
- can act as ANTIOXIDANT by reducing SUPEROXIDE to H2O2.
- reduces FE, CU, and CR
- aids in synthesis of CARNITINE, TYROSINE, NTs, DIGSTIVE HORMONES, and COLLAGEN.
Vitamin C supplements can exacerbate _______ because it facilitates __ sequestration in cells.
Thiamin (B_)
- active forms ________ and _______ ____________
- absorption occurs in ______ and _______
- ______ inhibits absorption; _____ _ inhibits this
- chronic ______ _____ can inhibit absorption (_____ ______ syndrome)
- functions in ___ ____, ________, and _________ __________
- required for _______ and _______ synthesis
Thiamin Deficiency
- Dry Beriberi: severe _____ _____, ____ cramps, _______ ______
- Wet Beriberi: edema of ____ and _____, enlargement of _____, ______ problems, _____ failure.
- Infantile: ____ failure
- Cerebral: ______ ______ syndrome
Thiamin (B1)
- active forms THIAMINE and THIAMINE PYROPHOSPHATE
- absorption occurs in DUODENUM and JEJUNUM
- OXIDATION inhibits absorption; VITAMIN C inhibits this
- chronic ALCOHOL ABUSE can inhibit absorption (W.K.syndrome)
- functions in ALPHA KETOGLUTARATE DH, TRANSKETOLASE, and PYRUVATE DH
- required for TG and AA synthesis
Thiamin Deficiency
- Dry Beriberi: severe MUSCLE WASTING, LEG cramps, PERIPHRAL NEUROPATHY
- Wet Beriberi: edema of ARMS and LEGS, enlargement of HEART, RESPIRATORY problems, HEART failure.
- Infantile: HEART failure
- Cerebral: WERNICKE KORSAKOFF syndrome
Riboflavin (B_)
- Active cofactor forms: ____ and ____
- Aids in ___ source in ___ ____ to create ____.
- Involved in _____ reactions
- aids in synthesis of vitamins_ + _, _____, _____, __
- aids in _____ and _____ metabolism
- reduces ___ in ppl with polymorphism in _____
Riboflavin Deficiency
- ariboflavinosis: general _________
- ______ weakness, _____ + ____ Sores, _____itis, _____itis, _____itis
- can occur secondary to ______ and _____ disease
Riboflavin (B3)
-Active cofactor forms: FAD and FMN
-Aids in H+ source in OX PHOS to create ATP.
-Involved in REDOX reactions
-aids in synthesis of vitamins A+ K, FOLATE, NIACIN, B6
-aids in DOPA and NOREPI metabolism
-reduces BP in ppl with polymorphism in MTHFR
Riboflavin Deficiency
-ariboflavinosis: general MALNUTRITION
-MUSCLE weakness, MOUTH + LIP Sores, STOMAitis, GLOSSitis, DERMAitis
-can occur secondary to ALCOHOLISM and THYROID disease
Niacin (B_)
- active forms: ____ and ______
- some can be made from ___ precursor
- involved in _____ reactions
- aids in general _____ synthesis, along with other nutrients.
- lowers ____ and ___ and raises _____.
Niacin Deficiency:
Pellagra: _____, ______, ______, _____
Niacin (B3)
- active forms: NAD and NADPH
- some can be made from TYR precursor
- involved in REDOX reactions
- aids in general LIPID synthesis, along with other nutrients.
- lowers LDL and TGs and raises HDL.
Niacin Deficiency:
Pellagra: DERMATITIS, DIARRHEA, DEMENTIA, DEATH
Pantothenic Acid (B_)
- active forms are _____ and ____ _____ protein
- functions in _____ and ____
- aids in synthesis of ____ and _____ in general
- deficiency is rare
Pantothenic Acid (B_)
- active forms are CoA and ACYL CARRIR protein
- functions in GLYCOLYSIS and KREBS
- aids in synthesis of HEME and LIPIDS in general
- deficiency is rare
Biotin (B_)
- produced by _____ _____
- usually bound to _____; _____ in egg
- involved in ______ reactions
Deficiency
- can come from excess consumption of ____ ____, and in diseases that _____ ______ like _____
- _____ problems, ____itis, ___ loss, poor ____ control
Biotin (B7)
- produced by GUT FLORA
- usually bound to PROTEIN; AVIDIN in egg
- involved in CARBOXYLATION reactions
Deficiency
- can come from excess consumption of RAW EGGS, and in diseases that BLOCK ABSORPTION like IBS
- NEUROLOGICAL problems, DERMAitis, HAIR loss, poor MUSCLE control
Pyroxidine (B_)
- supplement form: _____. Active form: _____ Excreted Form: ______ acid
- many metabolic reactions
- ppl low in ____ tend to have _____ diseases
Pyroxidine Deficiency
- _____ anemia because inhbited ___ Synthesis
- _______ problems
- __________emia
- ______ disease
Pyroxidine (B6)
- supplement form: PYROXIDINE. Active form: PLP Excreted Form: 4-PYRODOXIC acid
- many metabolic reactions
- ppl low in PLP tend to have INFLAMMATORY diseases
Pyroxidine Deficiency
- MICROCYTIC anemia because inhbited HEME Synthesis
- NEUROLOGICAL problems
- HYPERHOMOCYSTEINemia
- INFLAMMATORY disease
Folate (B_)
- made up of ____ double ring, ____ ring, and ____ acid
- folic acid is _____ form
- active forms are _____ folates
- serum form is _____-___
- bioavialability ____ ___>_____ _____
- functions in ____ _____ metabolism
- converts _____—-> methionine
- improves effects of _______
- pharmological example is ______
- food-derived folates ahve poly_____ which must be cut off by ____ at ____ ____ to make ______ ___.
Folate Deficiency
- ______ anemia because of inhibited ____ synthesis
- _______emia–» increased risk of _____ and ______
- ______ ____ defects like ____ ____ + _______
- _____ in ____ will have more lobes
Folate (B9)
- made up of PTERIN double ring, PABA ring, and GLUTAMIC acid
- folic acid is SUPPLEMENT form
- active forms are REDUCED folates
- serum form is METHYL-THF
- bioavialability FOLIC ACID>FOOD FOLATES
- functions in ONE CARBON metabolism
- converts HOMOCYSTEINE—-> methionine
- improves effects of ENALAPRIL
- pharmological example is METHOTREXATE
- food-derived folates have polyGLUTAMATE which must be cut off by GCPII at BRUSH BORDER to make ABSORBABLE.
Folate Deficiency
- MACROCYTIC anemia because of inhibited DNA synthesis
- HOMOCYSTEINEMIAemia–» increased risk ofC VD and DEMENTIA
- NEURAL TUBE defects like SPINA BIFIDA + ANENCEPHALY
- PMNS in LEUKS will have more lobes
Folate Toxicity:
- may mask __ deficiency
- may promote ______ in individual
Folate Toxicity:
- may mask B12 deficiency
- may promote CANCER in individual
Cobalamin (B_)
- R groups: ___, ___, ____ (cofactor), _______ (cofactor)
- 3 transport proteins: ______ (Saliva), _______ _____ (stomach), ______ (Intestine), uses _____ and _____
- first, cobalamin travels via _____ into _____ along with ____ ____. When pH rises, coalamin is only bound to ____ ____. Which is taken up by _______.
- functions in ____ ____ metabolism
- ___ ____ ____ oxidation
Cobalamin Deficiency
- common in _____ and ______
- ______ anemia, multilobar _____, ________, ___ degradation (difficulty ____), peripehral _____, ______.
- ____ ___ supplements can reverse anemia but patients remain ___ deficient, and can develop _____ damage.
Cobalamin (B_)
- R groups: -CN, -OH (cofactor), -CH3 (cofactor)
- 3 transport proteins: HAPTOCORRIN (Saliva), INTRINSIC FATOR (stomach), TRANSCOBALAMIN (Intestine), uses HCL and PEPSIN
- first, cobalamin travels via HAPTOCORRIN into SI along with INTRINSIC FACTOR. When pH rises, coalamin is only bound to INTRINSIC FACTOR. Which is taken up by ILEUM.
- functions in ONE CARBON metabolism
- ODD SHORT FA oxidation
Cobalamin Deficiency
- common in VEGETARIANS and VEGANS
- MACROCYTIC anemia, multilobar LEUKS, HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA, SC degradation (difficulty WALKING), peripehral NEUROPATHY, DEMENTIA.
- FOLIC ACID supplements can reverse anemia but patients remain B12 deficient, and can develop NEUROLOGIC damage.
