Trace Minerals Flashcards
Iron:
- ferric (____ form) and _____ (____ form)
- iron is bound to _______ in circulation, and is stored in _____ which turns into _______ during iron overload (or _____)
- ____ is better absorbed than _____ iron
Factors that Enhance Non-Heme Absorpion
- body’s _____
- presence of vitamin _
- _____ Protein found in meat
- presence of _____
- ____ (Sugar)
- ____ and ____ acids
Factors that Inhibit Non-Heme Absorpion:
- binding agents such as ____, ____, _____ and ____
- low _____ _____
- infection
- _____ disease
- __,__,__
Iron:
- ferric (OXIDIZED form) and ferrous (REDUCED form)
- iron is bound to TRANSFERRIN in circulation, and is stored in FERRITIN which turns into HEMISIDERIN during iron overload (or HEMORRHAGE)
- HEME is better absorbed than FREE iron
Factors that Enhance Non-Heme Absorpion
- body’s NEED
- presence of vitamin C
- MPF Protein found in meat
- presence of HEME
- FRUCTOSE (Sugar)
- CITRIC and LACTIC acids
Factors that Inhibit Non-Heme Absorpion:
- binding agents such as OXALATES, PHYTATES, POLYPHENOLS and FIBER
- low GASTRIC ACID
- infection
- GI disease
- CA, ZN, MN
Absorption of Iron:
- occurs in ______, ____ can cross brush border
- ____ must be reduced via vitamin _
- ______ transports Fe out of ____ membrane
- _______ on _____ side is ______ so it can aid in loading onto _____
- ________ is another _____ found in serum but it binds ____
Transferrin is normally ___% saturated
Symptoms of Fe Malabsoprtion:
-_____, ____ extremities, ____, more ______ to ____, ____ issues, ____
Fe Deficient Cells:
- ____chromic, ____Citc
- ____itis, ____ _____titis, ______
Absorption of Iron:
- occurs in DUODENUM, HEMEcan cross brush border
- FERRIC must be reduced via vitamin C
- FERROPORTIN transports Fe out of BASOLATERAL membrane
- HEPHAESTIN on BASAL side is FERRIOXIDASE so it can aid in loading onto TRANSFERRIN
- CERULOPLASMIN is another FERRIOXIDASE found in serum but it binds CU
Transferrin is normally 30% saturated
Symptoms of Fe Malabsoprtion:
-FATIGUE, COLD extremities, SOB, more PRONE to INFECTIONS, NEUROLOGICAL issues, PICA
Fe Deficient Cells:
- HYPOchromic, MICROCitc
- GLOSStitis, ANGULAR STOMATITIS KOLIONCHIA
Fe Deficiency in 3 Steps:
- Fe stores diminish
- Fe transport decreases
- Hb production fails
- _____ increases (____ levels rise as compensatory mechanism) while ______ decreases.
- ___ and ___ decline
- Ddx of deficiency: low serum ____, __, and elevated ____
- earliest symptom is decrease in serum ____
- free ________ will increase because heme cannot be made without iron, so this precursor builds up
Fe Overload:
- can come from ___ gene mutation
- _____ diabetes
- ______, ____, ___ loss, _____ loss
Fe Deficiency in 3 Steps:
- Fe stores diminish
- Fe transport decreases
- Hb production fails
- TIBC increases (TRANSFERRIN levels rise as compensatory mechanism) while SATURATION decreases.
- HB and HT decline
- Ddx of deficiency: low serum FERRITIN, FE, and elevated TIBC
- earliest symptom is decrease in serum FERRITIN
- free PROTOPORPHYRIN will increase because heme cannot be made without iron, so this precursor builds up
Fe Overload:
- can come from HIF gene mutation
- BRONZE diabetes
- VERTIGO, CARDIOMYOPATHY, HAIR loss, MEMORY loss
Zinc:
- sources: _____, ___, ____
- absorption limited by ______, _____, ___, ____, and ____
- Mucosal cells in intestine store excess Zn in ______ which releases Zn to ____ for systemic transport.
- Zn is a cofactor is general ______ and ___ synthesis
- Important in _____ maturation, _____ function, and sense of _____ and ______.
- Acrodermatitis enteropathica: develops after ____ and results in impaired ________ _________. Genetically _____ ______ disease. ____ and _____ are other symptoms.
Symptoms of Zn Deficiency
-poor _____, changes in _____ and _____, __ loss, ___ problems, impaired _____
Zn Toxicity: ______, _____, _____ (all GI)
Chronic Zn Toxicity: impairs __ status since they compete for absorption. ______ ______ infections
-can be used to treat _____ disease
Zinc:
- sources: OYSTERS, STEAK, CRAB
- absorption limited by OXALATES, PHYTATES, CA, FE, and CU
- Mucosal cells in intestine store excess Zn in METALLOTHIENIN which releases Zn to ALBUMIN for systemic transport.
- Zn is a cofactor is general METABOLISM and HEME synthesis
- Important in SEXUAL maturation, IMMUNE function, and sense of TASTE and SMELL.
- Acrodermatitis enteropathica: develops after WEANING and results in impaired INTESTINAL ABSORPTION. Genetically AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE disease. ALOPECIA and DIARRHEA are other symptoms.
Symptoms of Zn Deficiency
-poor APPETITE, changes in TASTE and SMELL, HAIR loss, SKIN problems, impaired IMMUNITY
Zn Toxicity: NAUSEA, DIARRHEA, VOMITING (all GI)
Chronic Zn Toxicity: impairs CU status since they compete for absorption. URINARY TRACT infections
-can be used to treat WILSONS disease
Copper
- found in _____, _____, ____, ____ ____
- absorbed in ___ and enhanced absorption with ____
- transported from intestine to tissues bound to _____
- transported from liver to tissues bound to __________
- functions in _____ ____ which is important for ______ and _____
- cofactor for ________ dismutase
- cofactor for ____ for NT synthesis
_________ is a major Cu containing plasma protein which is important for ___ recycling in macrophages.
Cu Deficiency: _____ syndrome which causes _______, excessive _____, poor _____, and ___ damage.
Cu Toxicity: ______ pain, _____, _____, ______ (all GI)
Wilson Disease: Cu deposits in ____, _____, _____, liver, and low serum ___.
Copper
- found in LIVER, SHELLFISH, NUTS, SEEDS, DARK CHOCO
- absorbed in SI and enhanced absorption with ACID
- transported from intestine to tissues bound to ALBUMIN
- transported from liver to tissues bound to CERRULOPLASMIN
- functions in LYSYL OXIDASE which is important for COLLAGEN and ELASTIN
- cofactor for SUPEROXIDE dismutase
- cofactor for MAO for NT synthesis
CERRULOPLASMIN is a major Cu containing plasma protein which is important for FE recycling in macrophages.
Cu Deficiency: MENKES syndrome which causes ANEMIA, excessive BLEEDING, poor ABSORPTION, and CT damage.
Cu Toxicity: ABDOMINAL PAIN, NAUSEA, VOMITING, DIARRHEA (all GI)
Wilson Disease: Cu deposits in BRAIN, KIDNEY, CORNEA, liver, and low serum Cu.
Selenium:
- found in ______, ______, ______ nut
- __________ is biologically active form
- __________ is storage pool
- absorption is _______ but not _____
- highes [] found in _____, _______, _______, _______, ______
- Component of many ______ proteins
- essential for normal ________ and _______ function
- component of _______ _______ which breaks down ____ into water; important for ____ cholesterol
Selenium Deficiency:
-Keshan Disease; cardio_____ and _____; _____ when supplemented
Selenium Toxicity: usually happens after _____ _____; __ problems, _____itis, ____ loss, _____ breath, fatigue
Selenium:
- found in SEAFOOD, MEATS, BRAZIL nut
- SELENOCYSTEINE is biologically active form
- SELENOMETHIONINE is storage pool
- absorption is EFFICIENT but not REGULATED
- highes [] found in LIVEER, PANCREAS, MUSCLE, KIDNEYS, THYROID
- Component of many ANTIOXIDANT proteins
- essential for normal THYROID and IMMUNE function
- component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE which breaks down H2O2 into water; important for LDL cholesterol
Selenium Deficiency:
-Keshan Disease; cardioMEGALY and MYOPATHY; CURED when supplemented
Selenium Toxicity: usually happens after INDUSTRIAL; GI problems, ARTHitis, HAIR loss, GARLIC breath, fatigue
Goitrogens are ______ that decrease I absorption in gut—> reduce _____ function.
-examples: _____, ______, ____ ____, ______, _____, _____
Goitrogens are VEGETABLES that decrease I absorption in gut—> reduce THYROID function.
-examples: TURNIPS, CABBAGE, BRUSSELS SPROUTS, BROCCOLI, POTATOES, PEANUTS, STRAWBERRIES
Cr is found in ____ ____, ___ ____, ____, ____, ____; enhances ____ activity
Co deficiency is same as ___ deficiency
Cr is found in EGG YOLKS WHOLE GRAINS PORK NUTS MUSHROOMS; enhances INSULIN activity
Co deficiency is same as B12 deficiency
