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USMLE > Vitamins > Flashcards

Vitamins Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Vitamin D functions

A 
Intestine 
--Increases Ca++ uptake
--Increases Phosphate and Mg2+ absorption 
Kidney
--Stimulates PTH--> reabsorption of Ca++
Bone 
--Reabsorption of Ca++
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2
Q

Vitamin D deficiency

A
  • -Rickets (children)

- -Osteomalacia (adults)

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3
Q

Vitamin D toxicity

A
  • -Hypercalcemia

- -Sarcoidosis and excess supplementation are possible

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4
Q

Vitamin K functions

A
  • -Post-translational modification of various clotting factors (proteins C and S, prothrombin, II, VII, IX, X
  • -Synthesized by intestinal factors
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5
Q

Vitamin K deficiency causes

A
  • -Warfarin
  • -Anticonvulsants
  • -Antibiotics
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6
Q

Vitamin A functions

A

–Used to treat acne, measles, AML (M3 subtype)

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7
Q

Vitamin A deficiency

A
  • -Night blindness
  • -Xerophthalmia
  • -Keratomalacia
  • -Bitot spots
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8
Q

Vitamin A toxicity

A
  • -Headache
  • -Nausea and vomiting
  • -Increase in intracranial pressure
  • -Dry and pruritic skin
  • -Hepatomegaly
  • -+/- cirrhosis
  • -Bone and joint pain
  • -Alopecia
  • -TERATOGENIC
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9
Q

Vitamin E (Alpha-tocopherol) deficiency

A
  • -Hemolytic anemia
  • -Spinocerebellar degeneration (ataxia)
  • -Peripheral neuropathy
  • -Proximal muscle weakness
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10
Q

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) function

A
  • -Hydroxylation of proline and lysine residues of collagen
  • -Required in conversion of dopamine –> NE
  • -Antioxidant
  • -Facilitates iron absorption in gut
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11
Q

Vitamin C deficiency

A
  • -Anemia
  • -Sore, spongy gums
  • -Loose teeth
  • -Fragile blood vessels
  • -Hemarthrosis
  • -Impaired wound healing
  • -Swollen joints
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12
Q

Vitamin B1 (thiamine) functions

A
  • -Active form: thiamine pyrophosphate

- –Cofactor with pyruvate dehydrogenase, alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, transketolase

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13
Q

Vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency

A
  • -Occurs with poor nutrition (alcoholism), malabsorption
  • -Damage of medial thalamus and mamillary bodies of posterior hypothalamus
  • -Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
  • -Beriberi
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14
Q

Wet beriberi

A
  • -Peripheral vasodilation
  • -High output heart failure
  • -Edema
  • -Cardiomegaly
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15
Q

Dry beriberi

A
  • -Peripheral neuropathy
  • -Muscle weakness
  • -Hyporeflexia or areflexia
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16
Q

Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) function

A
  • -Active forms: flavin mononucleotide (FMN) or flavin adenine dinulcleotide (FAD)
  • -Cofactors for redox reactions (if enzyme has dehydrogenase in name, likely requires riboflavin)
17
Q

Vitamin B3 (niacin) function

A
  • -Active forms: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP)
  • -Important in redox reactions
  • -Derived from tryptophan
  • -Used in patients with dyslipidemia
18
Q

Vitamin B3 (niacin) deficiency

A
  • -Pellagra (dementia, diarrhea, dermatitis)

- -Can be caused by dietary deficiency, Hartnup disease, Malignant carcinoid syndrome, Isoniazid (inhibits B3 and B6)

19
Q

Vitamin B5 (pantothenate) function

A

–Compound of coenzyme A

20
Q

Vitamin B5 (pantothenate) deficiency

A
  • -Dermatitis
  • -Alopecia
  • -Adrenal insufficiency
  • -Enteritis
21
Q

Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) function

A
  • -Active form: pyridoxal phosphate
  • -Coenzyme for many enzymes especially involved in transaminations and deaminations
  • -Conversion of amino acid precursors
22
Q

Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) deficiency

A
  • -Angular cheilosis
  • -Glossitis
  • -Convulsions
  • -Peripheral neuropathy
  • -Hyperirritability
  • -Isoniazid can cause deficiency
23
Q

Vitamin B7 (Biotin) function

A

–Apoenzyme for carboxylation reactions (Enzymes with carboxylase in the name)

24
Q

Vitamin B7 (Biotin) deficiency causes

A
  • -Avidin in egg whites (uncooked) prevents absorption of biotin
  • -Antibiotics
25
Q

Vitamin B9 (folic acid) function

A
  • -Synthesis and repair of DNA (purines and pyrimidines)
  • -Rapid cell division and growth
  • -Biologically active form is tetrahydrofolate
26
Q

Vitamin B9 (folic acid) deficiency

A
  • -Can be caused by medications or malnutrition
  • -Can be low in pregnancy
  • -Neural tube defects in utero
  • -Growth failure
  • -Megaloblastic anemia
  • -Glossitis
  • -Diarrhea
27
Q

Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) function

A
  • -Cofactor with homocysteine methyltransferase

- -Conversion of MMA to succinyl CoA

28
Q

Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency

A
  • -Megaloblastic anemia

- -Neuro symptoms: paresthesias, ataxia, memory loss, dementia, severe weakness

29
Q

Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) sources

A
  • -Only found in animal products
  • -Supplements needed for strict vegans
  • -Improper absorption most common cause of deficiency

USMLE (15 decks)

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