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GI Exam 2 > Vitamins > Flashcards

Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

Three characteristics of a vitamin?

A
  1. ) Organic compound
  2. ) Cannot be synthesized in sufficient amounts in the body
  3. ) Essential function that in absence it causes physical symptoms that disappear with administration
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2
Q

Water soluble vitamins:

A 
C: ascorbic acid
B1: thiamine
B2: riboflavin
B3: niacin
B5: pantothenic acid
B6: pyridoxine
B7: biotin
B9: folate
B12: cobalamin
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3
Q

Fat-soluble vitamins:

A

A: retinol
D: calcitriol
E: a, b, g-tocopherol
K: K1, K2, K3

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4
Q

What are fat soluble vitamins associated with?

A

Bound to proteins and lipids in food

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5
Q

What releases FS vitamins from lipids and proteins in food?

A

HCl denaturation and pepsin

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6
Q

How do FS vitamins make it across plasma membrane?

A

Complexed to FA, complexed with TAGs and removed from chylomicrons by lipoprotein lipase

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7
Q

What activates lipoprotein lipase to cleave TAGs?

A

Apo C2

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8
Q

What is beta-carotene?

A

Vitamin A pro-drug

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9
Q

How does rhodopsin change in conformation in sunlight?

A

11-cis to 11-trans

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10
Q

What can vitamin A deficiency result in?

A

Night blindness

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11
Q

What affect does Vitamin A have on 1st trimester and children respectively?

A

1st trimester: too much defects

Children: too little reduced growth

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12
Q

What does too much retinol cause?

A

Bone resorption and osteoporosis

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13
Q

What is vitamin D a product of?

A

Cholesterol

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14
Q

Vitamin D deficiency causes:

A

Rickets

Osteomalacia

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15
Q

What does low calcium cause?

A

Parathyroid hormone release (takes Ca2+ from bones) stimulating Vitamin D activation in kidney

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16
Q

What does Vitamin D do?

A

Increased absorption of calcium and phosphate

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17
Q

Vitamin D affect on immune?

A

Binds to TLRs causing expression of 1alpha-hydroxylase and synth of calcitriol inhibiting proliferation and autoimmunity; also anti-inflammatory cytokines made

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18
Q

Most active form of Vitamin E?

A

Alpha-tocopherol

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19
Q

What is high in vitamin E?

A

Seed oils; destroyed commercially so most are synthetic

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20
Q

Vitamin E affects:

A

Antioxidant
Inhibit platelet clumping
Reduce plaque buildup

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21
Q

How is excess vitamin K excreted?

A

Bile

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22
Q

What clotting factors need vitamin K?

A

VII, IX, X, C and S

Cofactor for gamma-glutamyl carboxylase

23
Q

How does Coumadin work?

A

Blocks vitamin K recharging

24
Q

What happens once vitamin K is digested?

A

It gets converted by colon flora

25
Q

Why is vitamin K administered to infants at birth?

A

It doesn’t cross the placenta and no gut bacteria for vitamin K production and no vitamin K in breast milk

26
Q

Two proteins dependent on vitamin K:

A

Osteocalcin: secreted by bone-forming osteoblasts

Matric Gla Protein: binds Ca2+ and assists calcium binding to bone matrix and inhibits vascular mineralization

27
Q

Effect of vitamin K on vessels?

A

Stops Ca2+ plaque buildup

28
Q

How is reduced and oxidized vitamin C absorbed respectively?

A

Oxidized: passive GLUT1/3
Reduced: active Na+-dependent transporters

29
Q

Effect of vitamin C on iron?

A

Increase absorbance

30
Q

What needs vitamin C for formation?

A

Collagen

31
Q

What does a deficiency in vitamin C cause?

A

Scurvy

32
Q

What is vitamin B1 important as?

A

A cofactor for multiple reactions

33
Q

What does vitamin B1 defect cause?

A

Wet beriberi: edema CHF

Dry beriberi: muscle wasting

34
Q

What does excess riboflavin (B2) cause?

A

Bright yellow urine

35
Q

B2 needed for:

A

Cofactor for radical and polar redox reactions

36
Q

B2 deficiency:

A

Irritated mouth, tongue, cracked lips

37
Q

When is B2 stable and not stable?

A

Stable during cooking not in UV light

38
Q

What can vitamin B3 be made from?

A

Tryptophan

39
Q

What is niacin B3 converted to?

A

NAD+ and NADP+

40
Q

What can niacin do to cholesterol?

A

Lower LDL

Elevate HDL

41
Q

Excess niacin:

A

Reddish skin

42
Q

Deficiency in niacin (3 D’s)

A

Pellagra: dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea

43
Q

B6 found in foods?

A

Pyridoxine

44
Q

Active form of B6?

A

PLP

45
Q

Excess B6:

A

Nerve damage

46
Q

Deficiency in B6:

A

Microcytic hypochromic anemia (small and pale RBC’s)

47
Q

What is hydroxycobalamin (activated charcoal) used to treat (B12)?

A

Cyanide poisoning

48
Q

How does hydroxycobalamin treat CN- poisoning?

A

Take CN- into the molecule taking OH- place

49
Q

How is methylcobalamin absorbed?

A

Haptocorrin (R factor) binds to B12 protecting it from stomach acid; IF binds and allows absorption

50
Q

What is biotin (B7) used for?

A

Carboxylase enzyme reactions (addition of CO2)

51
Q

What is pantothenic acid (B5) used for?

A

Essential part of CoA needed in catabolic and anabolic reactions

52
Q

Where is CoQ10 found?

A

ETC Complex I

53
Q

What is CoQ10 a step of?

A

Downstream of cholesterol synthesis

GI Exam 2 (20 decks)

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