Vitamins

Question 1

are a group of chemically unrelated organic molecules that are needed in minute amounts for different physiological functions.

Answer 1

Vitamins

Question 2

although organic compounds, do not provide energy like other macronutrients and are not used for the synthesis of structural compounds.

Answer 2

Vitamins

Question 3

This vitamin was discovered by M. Mori in 1922 as a “fat-soluble factor” present in butter and fish oil, and he named it.

Answer 3

Vitamin A

Question 4

The general term vitamin A includes several related compounds called?

Answer 4

retinol (alcohol), retinal (aldehyde), and retinoic
acid

Question 5

is required in the diet of all animals.

Answer 5

Vitamin A

Question 6

Vitamin A in the diet can be provided as a vitamin or through its precursor ? present in plants.

Answer 6

carotenoids

Question 7

are the plant form of or the precursor of vitamin A

Answer 7

Carotenoids

Question 8

There are two forms of carotenoids:

Answer 8

carotenes and xanthophylls.

Question 9

have vitamin A activity.

Answer 9

carotenes (especially β-carotenes)

Question 10

In the rods of the retina, retinal combines with a protein called
opsin to form?

Answer 10

rhodopsin

Question 11

rhodopsin also called

Answer 11

visual purple

Question 12

is light sensitive and enables the eye to adapt to changes in light intensity.

Answer 12

Rhodopsin

Question 13

is a condition in humans and animals that is caused by vitamin A deficiency; it leads to dryness and irritation of the cornea and conjunctiva of the eye and results in cloudiness and infection.

Answer 13

Xerophthalmia

Question 14

is also needed for normal skeletal and tooth development and reproductive processes.

Answer 14

Vitamin A

Question 15

can function as antioxidants thereby protecting cells from oxidative stress and are also involved in modulating cell-mediated and humoral immune responses in animals.

Answer 15

Vitamin A and carotenoids

Question 16

Upon reaching the microvilli, they are transferred to mucosal
cells, where they are reesterified and are incorporated into the chylomicrons and transported to the lymph for storage
in the liver as

Answer 16

retinyl esters

Question 17

are split into two within the intestinal mucosal cells to form retinal and are reduced to form retinol.

Answer 17

Carotenoids

Question 18

As a fat-soluble vitamin, long-term consumption of ? may lead to toxic symptoms

Answer 18

vitamin A

Question 19

Skeletal abnormalities and thickening of the skin are reported with

Answer 19

hypervitaminosis

Question 20

includes a group sterol compound that regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism in the body.

Answer 20

Vitamin D

Question 21

(vitamin D2, activated plant form)

Answer 21

ergocalciferol

Question 22

(D3, activated animal form)

Answer 22

cholecalciferol

Question 23

In the body, vitamin D3 is synthesized from cholesterol when it is converted to ? in the skin upon exposure to ultraviolet irradiation

Answer 23

7-dehydrocholesterol

Question 24

To become active, it is transported from the skin to the liver, where it is hydroxylated to form?

Answer 24

25-hydroxycholecalciferol

Question 25

This compound is transported through the blood to the kidneys, where it is further hydroxylated to form?

Answer 25

1,25hydroxycholecalciferol

Question 26

work in conjunction with vitamin D in blood calcium homeostasis and bone calcification.

Answer 26

parathyroid hormones

Question 27

are needed for proper absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the gut.

Answer 27

Calcium-binding proteins

Question 28

A deficiency of vitamin D leads to impaired bone mineralization and abnormal skeletal development and results in a condition called ? in young animals

Answer 28

rickets

Question 29

A deficiency of vitamin D leads to impaired bone mineralization and abnormal skeletal development and results in a condition called rickets in young animals and ? in growing animals.

Answer 29

osteomalacia

Question 30

is a term that is used to describe a group of chemically related compounds called tocopherols and tocotrienols

Answer 30

Vitamin E

Question 31

is the most active biological form of vitamin E and is the one that is added to animal diets

Answer 31

α-tocopherol

Question 32

The function of ? in the body is to serve as a biological chain-breaking antioxidant and to protect cells and tissues from oxidative damage induced by free radicals and other lipid oxidation products.

Answer 32

vitamin E

Question 33

prevents the oxidation of lipids by serving as a free radical scavenger and donates electrons from the hydroxyl group of the molecule

Answer 33

Vitamin E

Question 34

causes damage to unsaturated lipids in cell membranes resulting in the disruption of the structural membrane and cell integrity.

Answer 34

Lipid peroxidation

Question 35

Vitamin E also has a sparing action on the mineral ?, which is a cofactor for the enzyme glutathione peroxidase, which functions to reduce lipid peroxides.

Answer 35

selenium

Question 36

Vitamin E deficiency can produce?

Answer 36

white muscle disease, exudative diathesis, and encephalomalacia.

Question 37

is caused by the degeneration of skeletal and heart muscle fiber, which leads to rapid death due to heart failure.

Answer 37

White muscle disease

Question 38

in chickens is caused by leaky capillaries in the breast muscle

Answer 38

Exudative diathesis

Question 39

can only respond to vitamin E treatment.

Answer 39

encephalomalacia (crazy chick disease)

Question 40

includes a group of compounds called the quinones.

Answer 40

Vitamin K

Question 41

Vitamin K includes a group of compounds called the

Answer 41

quinones

Question 42

Vitamin K1 is found in green plants

Answer 42

phylloquinones

Question 43

Vitamin K1 is found in green plants (phylloquinones) and vitamin K2 ? is synthesized by hindgut bacteria.

Answer 43

vitamin K2 (menaquinones)

Question 44

converts vitamin K1 and K3 to K2 before it is used.

Answer 44

liver

Question 45

The metabolically active form of vitamin K is?

Answer 45

menaquinones

Question 46

is the most common version of vitamin K that is included in animal diets.

Answer 46

Menadione (vitamin K3, synthetic form)

Question 47

Vitamin K is needed for the synthesis of ?, a blood-clotting protein.

Answer 47

prothrombin

Question 48

Gastrointestinal bacterial can provide the needed vitamin K to most animals either through absorption from the hindgut or through?

Answer 48

coprophagy

Question 49

Certain coccidiostats containing ? can cause vitamin K deficiency as sulfa drugs are an antagonist of vitamin K.

Answer 49

sulfa drugs

Question 50

Mold growing on weather-damaged sweet clover hay or silage contains ?, which is very similar to vitamin K in structure.

Answer 50

dicoumarol

Question 51

is a competitive inhibitor of vitamin K.

Answer 51

Dicoumarol

Question 52

Another antagonist of vitamin K is ?, a rat poison causing anticoagulation.

Answer 52

Warfarin

Question 53

given in prolonged high doses produces anemia and other abnormalities in animals.

Answer 53

menadione

Question 54

originally grouped together because of their similar metabolic functions.

Answer 54

B vitamins (also called B complex vitamins) are

Question 55

consists of one molecule of pyrimidine joined with one of thiazole.

Answer 55

Thiamine

Question 56

Thiamine is a component of the enzyme ?, which is involved in several key reactions in energy-producing pathways.

Answer 56

thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP)

Question 57

is converted into TPP inside cells to participate in the energy-producing pathway.

Answer 57

Dietary thiamine

Question 58

Due to its role in carbohydrate metabolism, an animals’ thiamine requirement is influenced by the level of ? in their diet.

Answer 58

carbohydrates

Question 59

Thiamin also plays a specific role in neurophysiology because a typical thiamin deficiency is ?, a dysfunction in the nervous system.

Answer 59

beriberi

Question 60

is another typical symptom of thiamin deficiency in chicks.

Answer 60

Polyneuritis

Question 61

Raw fish and bracken ferns (a perennial) contain an enzyme ?, which destroys thiamin, causing a deficiency that causes a neurological disorder called Chastek paralysis, named after a farmer who observed similar condition in silver foxes.

Answer 61

thiaminase

Question 62

Raw fish and bracken ferns (a perennial) contain an enzyme, thiaminase, which destroys thiamin, causing a deficiency that causes a neurological disorder called ?, named after a farmer who observed similar condition in silver foxes.

Answer 62

Chastek paralysis

Question 63

denatures thiaminase and prevents the problem.

Answer 63

Heat treatment

Question 64

blocks activation of TPP and can cause a thiamine deficiency

Answer 64

Amprolium (coccidiostat)

Question 65

is named for its yellow color (flavin) and sugar (ribose).

Answer 65

Riboflavin

Question 66

functions in the body as a component of two different coenzymes: flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD).

Answer 66

Riboflavin

Question 67

can cause lesions in the corners of the mouth and anorexia and can cause loss of hair and diarrhea in young animals.

Answer 67

Diets low in riboflavin

Question 68

Niacin is the accepted generic description for

Answer 68

pyridine 3 carboxylic acid

Question 69

is the accepted generic description for pyridine 3-carboxylic acid and its derivatives showing the nutritional activity of nicotinic acid.

Answer 69

Niacin

Question 70

These coenzymes ( nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and NADPH ) serve as ? in several important metabolic processes involving carbohydrate metabolism (glycolysis) and other energy deriving pathways involving carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, such as the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.

Answer 70

hydrogen carriers

Question 71

one of the bound forms of niacin in wheat is called ? and is not biologically available.

Answer 71

niacytin

Question 72

Corn contains ?, which binds niacin tightly and makes it unavailable for absorption. Niacin from animal sources is highly available.

Answer 72

niacinogen

Question 73

In addition to dietary sources, most animals (except cats) are capable of synthesizing niacin from the essential amino acid?

Answer 73

tryptophan

Question 74

Niacin deficiency causes a condition called ? in dogs,

Answer 74

black tongue disease

Question 75

Niacin deficiency in chickens, it causes poor feathering around the eyes, also called?

Answer 75

spectacled eyes

Question 76

comprises three different forms: pyridoxine (plant), pyridoxal (animal), and pyridoxamine (animal)

Answer 76

Pyridoxine

Question 77

is also required for the synthesis of hemoglobin and the conversion of tryptophan to niacin.

Answer 77

Pyridoxal phosphate

Question 78

occurs in all tissues of the body.

Answer 78

Pantothenic acid

Question 79

was identified as a constituent of coenzyme A

Answer 79

Pantothenic acid

Question 80

is required in the formation of two-C fragments from fats, amino acids, and carbohydrates for entry into the citric acid cycle and for the synthesis of steroids.

Answer 80

CoA

Question 81

an abnormal gait, due to nerve degeneration.

Answer 81

goose-stepping

Question 82

Feeding raw egg whites to rats causes skin lesions and loss of hair and were cured by a protective factor found in the liver.

Answer 82

Biotin

Question 83

was isolated from egg yolk in 1936, a growth factor for yeast.

Answer 83

Biotin

Question 84

Biotin is a prosthetic group that binds to the lysine of the enzyme via a peptide bond to form biocytin, which serves as a cofactor in carboxylase reactions such as

Answer 84

acetyl CoA carboxylase carboxylase (the first step in lipogenesis) and pyruvate carboxylase (the first step in gluconeogenesis)

Question 85

the antivitamin ? binds biotin and makes it unavailable for digestion and absorption

Answer 85

avidin

Question 86

egg whites contain?

Answer 86

avidin

Question 87

Lack of biotin has been shown to cause a condition called ? in chickens fed wheat-based diets.

Answer 87

footpad dermatitis

Question 88

is a generic term used to describe folic acid and related compounds

Answer 88

Folacin

Question 89

The active form of folacin in the body is called

Answer 89

tetrahydrofolic acid

Question 90

Dietary sources of folacin are converted mainly in the liver to

Answer 90

tetrahydrofolic acid

Question 91

enhances the conversion of folacin to tetrahydrofolic acid.

Answer 91

Vitamin B12

Question 92

is required for purine, pyrimidine, glycine, serine, and creatine synthesis.

Answer 92

Tetrahydrofolic acid

Question 93

the last B vitamin, was discovered in 1948.

Answer 93

Cobalamin (Vitamin B12)

Question 94

Vitamin B12 is unique in that it has a ? as its active site.

Answer 94

trace element mineral (cobalt)

Question 95

provides the acidity and pepsin to release the tightly bound vitamin B12 from the dietary source.

Answer 95

stomach

Question 96

also secretes an intrinsic factor, a specific binding glycoprotein.

Answer 96

stomach

Question 97

is required for B12 absorption in the ileum

Answer 97

Calcium

Question 98

is required only for ruminants; the rumen microbes will synthesize cobalamin.

Answer 98

Cobalt

Question 99

It was discovered in 1747 that scurvy can be prevented by the ingestion of lemon juice.

Answer 99

Vitamin C

Question 100

can be prevented by the ingestion of lemon juice.

Answer 100

scurvy

Question 101

was recognized as a vitamin in 1933. Ascorbic acid has a structure closely related to monosaccharide sugars.

Answer 101

Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)

Question 102

is important for normal bone formation. It also functions as an antioxidant, reducing oxidative stress.

Answer 102

Collagen

Question 103

a disease affecting humans with impaired wound healing, capillary bleeding, faulty bone formation, and anemia; it was first reported in sailors at sea.

Answer 103

scurvy

Question 104

Normally, no Vitamin C deficiency symptom can be detected in all mammals except

Answer 104

primates and guinea pigs