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Animal Nutrition > Vitamins > Flashcards

Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

are a group of chemically unrelated organic molecules that are needed in minute amounts for different physiological functions.

A

Vitamins

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2
Q

although organic compounds, do not provide energy like other macronutrients and are not used for the synthesis of structural compounds.

A

Vitamins

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3
Q

This vitamin was discovered by M. Mori in 1922 as a “fat-soluble factor” present in butter and fish oil, and he named it.

A

Vitamin A

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4
Q

The general term vitamin A includes several related compounds called?

A

retinol (alcohol), retinal (aldehyde), and retinoic
acid

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5
Q

is required in the diet of all animals.

A

Vitamin A

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6
Q

Vitamin A in the diet can be provided as a vitamin or through its precursor ? present in plants.

A

carotenoids

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7
Q

are the plant form of or the precursor of vitamin A

A

Carotenoids

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8
Q

There are two forms of carotenoids:

A

carotenes and xanthophylls.

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9
Q

have vitamin A activity.

A

carotenes (especially β-carotenes)

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10
Q

In the rods of the retina, retinal combines with a protein called
opsin to form?

A

rhodopsin

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11
Q

rhodopsin also called

A

visual purple

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12
Q

is light sensitive and enables the eye to adapt to changes in light intensity.

A

Rhodopsin

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13
Q

is a condition in humans and animals that is caused by vitamin A deficiency; it leads to dryness and irritation of the cornea and conjunctiva of the eye and results in cloudiness and infection.

A

Xerophthalmia

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14
Q

is also needed for normal skeletal and tooth development and reproductive processes.

A

Vitamin A

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15
Q

can function as antioxidants thereby protecting cells from oxidative stress and are also involved in modulating cell-mediated and humoral immune responses in animals.

A

Vitamin A and carotenoids

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16
Q

Upon reaching the microvilli, they are transferred to mucosal
cells, where they are reesterified and are incorporated into the chylomicrons and transported to the lymph for storage
in the liver as

A

retinyl esters

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17
Q

are split into two within the intestinal mucosal cells to form retinal and are reduced to form retinol.

A

Carotenoids

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18
Q

As a fat-soluble vitamin, long-term consumption of ? may lead to toxic symptoms

A

vitamin A

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19
Q

Skeletal abnormalities and thickening of the skin are reported with

A

hypervitaminosis

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20
Q

includes a group sterol compound that regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism in the body.

A

Vitamin D

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21
Q

(vitamin D2, activated plant form)

A

ergocalciferol

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22
Q

(D3, activated animal form)

A

cholecalciferol

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23
Q

In the body, vitamin D3 is synthesized from cholesterol when it is converted to ? in the skin upon exposure to ultraviolet irradiation

A

7-dehydrocholesterol

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24
Q

To become active, it is transported from the skin to the liver, where it is hydroxylated to form?

A

25-hydroxycholecalciferol

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25
Q

This compound is transported through the blood to the kidneys, where it is further hydroxylated to form?

A

1,25hydroxycholecalciferol

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26
Q

work in conjunction with vitamin D in blood calcium homeostasis and bone calcification.

A

parathyroid hormones

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27
Q

are needed for proper absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the gut.

A

Calcium-binding proteins

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28
Q

A deficiency of vitamin D leads to impaired bone mineralization and abnormal skeletal development and results in a condition called ? in young animals

A

rickets

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29
Q

A deficiency of vitamin D leads to impaired bone mineralization and abnormal skeletal development and results in a condition called rickets in young animals and ? in growing animals.

A

osteomalacia

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30
Q

is a term that is used to describe a group of chemically related compounds called tocopherols and tocotrienols

A

Vitamin E

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31
Q

is the most active biological form of vitamin E and is the one that is added to animal diets

A

α-tocopherol

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32
Q

The function of ? in the body is to serve as a biological chain-breaking antioxidant and to protect cells and tissues from oxidative damage induced by free radicals and other lipid oxidation products.

A

vitamin E

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33
Q

prevents the oxidation of lipids by serving as a free radical scavenger and donates electrons from the hydroxyl group of the molecule

A

Vitamin E

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34
Q

causes damage to unsaturated lipids in cell membranes resulting in the disruption of the structural membrane and cell integrity.

A

Lipid peroxidation

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35
Q

Vitamin E also has a sparing action on the mineral ?, which is a cofactor for the enzyme glutathione peroxidase, which functions to reduce lipid peroxides.

A

selenium

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36
Q

Vitamin E deficiency can produce?

A

white muscle disease, exudative diathesis, and encephalomalacia.

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37
Q

is caused by the degeneration of skeletal and heart muscle fiber, which leads to rapid death due to heart failure.

A

White muscle disease

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38
Q

in chickens is caused by leaky capillaries in the breast muscle

A

Exudative diathesis

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39
Q

can only respond to vitamin E treatment.

A

encephalomalacia (crazy chick disease)

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40
Q

includes a group of compounds called the quinones.

A

Vitamin K

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41
Q

Vitamin K includes a group of compounds called the

A

quinones

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42
Q

Vitamin K1 is found in green plants

A

phylloquinones

43
Q

Vitamin K1 is found in green plants (phylloquinones)
and vitamin K2 ? is synthesized by hindgut bacteria.

A

vitamin K2 (menaquinones)

44
Q

converts vitamin K1 and K3 to K2 before it is used.

A

liver

45
Q

The metabolically active form of vitamin K is?

A

menaquinones

46
Q

is the most common version of vitamin K that is included in animal diets.

A

Menadione (vitamin K3, synthetic form)

47
Q

Vitamin K is needed for the synthesis of ?, a blood-clotting protein.

A

prothrombin

48
Q

Gastrointestinal bacterial can provide the needed vitamin K to most animals either through absorption from the hindgut
or through?

A

coprophagy

49
Q

Certain coccidiostats containing ? can cause vitamin K deficiency as sulfa drugs are an antagonist of vitamin K.

A

sulfa drugs

50
Q

Mold growing on weather-damaged sweet clover hay or silage contains ?, which is very similar to vitamin K in structure.

A

dicoumarol

51
Q

is a competitive inhibitor of vitamin K.

A

Dicoumarol

52
Q

Another antagonist of vitamin K is ?, a rat poison causing anticoagulation.

A

Warfarin

53
Q

given in prolonged high doses produces anemia and other abnormalities in animals.

A

menadione

54
Q

originally grouped together because of their similar metabolic functions.

A

B vitamins (also called B complex vitamins) are

55
Q

consists of one molecule of pyrimidine joined with one of thiazole.

A

Thiamine

56
Q

Thiamine is a component of the enzyme ?, which is involved in several key reactions in energy-producing pathways.

A

thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP)

57
Q

is converted into TPP inside cells to participate in the energy-producing pathway.

A

Dietary thiamine

58
Q

Due to its role in carbohydrate metabolism, an animals’ thiamine requirement is influenced by the level of ? in their diet.

A

carbohydrates

59
Q

Thiamin also plays a specific role in neurophysiology because a typical thiamin deficiency is ?, a dysfunction in the nervous system.

A

beriberi

60
Q

is another typical symptom of thiamin deficiency in chicks.

A

Polyneuritis

61
Q

Raw fish and bracken ferns (a perennial) contain an enzyme ?, which destroys thiamin, causing a deficiency that causes a neurological disorder called Chastek paralysis, named after a farmer who observed similar condition in silver foxes.

A

thiaminase

62
Q

Raw fish and bracken ferns (a perennial) contain an enzyme, thiaminase, which destroys thiamin, causing a deficiency
that causes a neurological disorder called ?, named after a farmer who observed similar condition in silver foxes.

A

Chastek paralysis

63
Q

denatures thiaminase and prevents the problem.

A

Heat treatment

64
Q

blocks activation of TPP and can cause a thiamine deficiency

A

Amprolium (coccidiostat)

65
Q

is named for its yellow color (flavin) and sugar (ribose).

A

Riboflavin

66
Q

functions in the body as a component of two different coenzymes: flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD).

A

Riboflavin

67
Q

can cause lesions in the corners of the mouth and anorexia and can cause loss of hair and diarrhea in young animals.

A

Diets low in riboflavin

68
Q

Niacin is the accepted generic description for

A

pyridine 3 carboxylic acid

69
Q

is the accepted generic description for pyridine 3-carboxylic acid and its derivatives showing the nutritional activity of nicotinic acid.

A

Niacin

70
Q

These coenzymes ( nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and NADPH ) serve as ? in several important metabolic processes involving carbohydrate metabolism (glycolysis) and other energy deriving pathways involving carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, such as the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.

A

hydrogen carriers

71
Q

one of the bound forms of niacin in wheat is called ? and is not biologically available.

A

niacytin

72
Q

Corn contains ?, which binds niacin tightly and makes it unavailable for absorption. Niacin from animal sources is highly available.

A

niacinogen

73
Q

In addition to dietary sources, most animals (except cats) are capable of synthesizing niacin from the essential amino acid?

A

tryptophan

74
Q

Niacin deficiency causes a condition called ? in dogs,

A

black tongue disease

75
Q

Niacin deficiency in chickens, it causes poor feathering
around the eyes, also called?

A

spectacled eyes

76
Q

comprises three different forms: pyridoxine (plant), pyridoxal (animal), and pyridoxamine (animal)

A

Pyridoxine

77
Q

is also required for the synthesis of hemoglobin and the conversion of tryptophan to niacin.

A

Pyridoxal phosphate

78
Q

occurs in all tissues of the body.

A

Pantothenic acid

79
Q

was identified as a constituent of coenzyme A

A

Pantothenic acid

80
Q

is required in the formation of two-C fragments from fats, amino acids, and carbohydrates for entry into the citric acid cycle and for the synthesis of steroids.

A

CoA

81
Q

an abnormal gait, due to nerve degeneration.

A

goose-stepping

82
Q

Feeding raw egg whites to rats causes skin lesions and loss of hair and were cured by a protective factor found in the
liver.

A

Biotin

83
Q

was isolated from egg yolk in 1936, a growth factor for yeast.

A

Biotin

84
Q

Biotin is a prosthetic group that binds to the lysine of the enzyme via a peptide bond to form biocytin, which serves as a cofactor in carboxylase reactions such as

A

acetyl CoA carboxylase carboxylase (the first step in lipogenesis) and pyruvate carboxylase (the first step in gluconeogenesis)

85
Q

the antivitamin ? binds biotin and makes it unavailable for digestion and absorption

A

avidin

86
Q

egg whites contain?

A

avidin

87
Q

Lack of biotin has been shown to cause a condition called ? in chickens fed wheat-based diets.

A

footpad dermatitis

88
Q

is a generic term used to describe folic acid and related compounds

A

Folacin

89
Q

The active form of folacin in the body is called

A

tetrahydrofolic acid

90
Q

Dietary sources of folacin are converted mainly in the liver to

A

tetrahydrofolic acid

91
Q

enhances the conversion of folacin to tetrahydrofolic acid.

A

Vitamin B12

92
Q

is required for purine, pyrimidine, glycine, serine, and creatine
synthesis.

A

Tetrahydrofolic acid

93
Q

the last B vitamin, was discovered in 1948.

A

Cobalamin (Vitamin B12)

94
Q

Vitamin B12 is unique in that it has a ? as its active site.

A

trace element mineral (cobalt)

95
Q

provides the acidity and pepsin to release the tightly bound vitamin B12 from the dietary source.

A

stomach

96
Q

also secretes an intrinsic factor, a specific binding glycoprotein.

A

stomach

97
Q

is required for B12 absorption in the ileum

A

Calcium

98
Q

is required only for ruminants; the rumen microbes will synthesize cobalamin.

A

Cobalt

99
Q

It was discovered in 1747 that scurvy can be prevented by the ingestion of lemon juice.

A

Vitamin C

100
Q

can be prevented by the ingestion of lemon juice.

A

scurvy

101
Q

was recognized as a vitamin in 1933. Ascorbic acid has a structure closely related to monosaccharide sugars.

A

Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)

102
Q

is important for normal bone formation. It also functions as an antioxidant, reducing oxidative stress.

A

Collagen

103
Q

a disease affecting humans with impaired wound healing, capillary bleeding, faulty bone formation, and anemia; it was first reported in sailors at sea.

A

scurvy

104
Q

Normally, no Vitamin C deficiency symptom can be detected in
all mammals except

A

primates and guinea pigs

Animal Nutrition (7 decks)

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