Microminerals Flashcards
What are the 8 microminerals:
- manganese
- zinc
- iron
- copper
- selenium
- molybdenum
- iodine
- cobalt
It is a trace mineral that is a dietary essential for animals. In the animal body, it is widespread but is concentrated in bone and liver.
Manganese (Mn)
Manganese is essential for the maintenance and production of the ? of the organic matrix of the bone
mucopolysaccharide
They have normal tendon growth but slow or abnormal bone growth
Mn-deficient animals
Mn-deficient animals have normal tendon growth but slow or abnormal bone growth. This leads to symptoms such as 1. ? (slipped tendon) in chicks and 2. ? in young ruminants.
- perosis
- crooked calf
also serves as an important cofactor for many enzymes that catalyze carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism
Manganese
A large portion of Mn is located within the ?, where it activates a number of metal-enzyme complexes, such as pyruvate carboxylase, that regulate carbohydrate metabolism
mitochondria
A large portion of Mn is located within the mitochondria, where it activates a number of metal-enzyme complexes, such as ?, that regulate carbohydrate metabolism
pyruvate carboxylase
also functions as a cofactor in lipid metabolism through its role in cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis
Manganese
The absorption of manganese from the diet is very poor and is less than what percentage of intake?
10%
Excessive dietary Ca or P inhibits what absorption?
Mn absorption
Manganese is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract as?
Mn 2+
Manganese is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract as Mn 2+, oxidized to form?
Mn 3+
Manganese is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract as Mn 2+, oxidized to form Mn 3+, and transported to tissues using ? as a carrier
transferrin
Excessive Mn in diet can induce what deficiency?
iron deficiency
Many skeletal abnormalities are associated with what deficiency? and are related to default in mucopolysaccharide synthesis
manganese deficiency
In poultry, perosis (slipped tendon) occurs with what deficiency?
Mn deficiency
contains substances that interfere with Mn absorption causing deficiency
lupine
Reproductive problems such as delayed estrus, poor conception, decrease in litter size and livability in large animals, and reduction in hatchability in birds are reported due to what deficiency?
Mn deficiency
Manganese toxicity is?
very rare
is widely distributed in the animal body. High concentrations of ? can be found in the liver, bones, and animal body coverings, such as hair, wool, skin, and feathers.
Zinc (Zn)
is a cofactor or constituent (metalloenzyme) for more than 100 enzyme systems in the animal body.
Zinc
in tissue is highly related to the tissue distribution of enzymes to which it is related.
Zinc concentration
is a component of insulin and in this way functions with carbohydrate metabolism. It is also required for retinol-binding protein synthesis and is important for T-cell function in immunity and reproductive functioning.
Zn
Absorption of Zn is about what percentage of the intake and is affected by several factors?
5% to 40%
a low molecular weight binding protein, has a high affinity for binding to Zn and is involved in the transfer of Zn from intestinal mucosa cells to plasma and metabolism of Zn.
Metallothionein
High levels of Zn stimulates synthesis of ?, which binds and traps Zn inside the mucosal cells
metallothionein
The absorption of ? is affected adversely by high dietary Ca, and the presence of phytate aggravates it
Zn
The absorption of Zn is affected adversely by high dietary 1. ?, and the presence of 2. ? aggravates it
- Ca
- Phytate
chelates with Zn, limiting its availability (and the availability of other minerals such as P too) to the animals
Dietary phytate
This absorption requires a common carrier shared by iron, copper, and zinc
Zn absorption
excessive iron impairs what absorption?
zinc absorption
When mucosal cells are sloughed off, what is lost in feces
Zn
Cell differentiation and replication are impaired with what deficiency?
Zn deficiency
Zinc deficiency causes a condition called ?, with dry, scaly, and cracked skin and poor feathering in poultry
parakeratosis, or severe dermatitis
Due to the role of Zn in immunity and T-cell functions, impaired or delayed wound healing occurs with what deficiency?
Zn deficiency
These two decrease Zn absorption and thus precipitate Zn deficiency
high Ca and phytate
Animal diets containing ? increase Zn requirement due to the high content of phytic acid in these products
cereal grains and soybean meal
is present in all cells of the animal body, but the largest proportion of the body’s ? is present as a component of the protein molecule hemoglobin (> 65%) and myoglobin (> 4%)
Iron
Iron is present in all cells of the animal body, but the largest proportion of the body’s iron is present as a component of the protein molecule:
hemoglobin (> 65%) and myoglobin (> 4%)
is a complex protein present in red blood cells consisting of a haem group (porphyrin) containing ferrous (Fe2+) iron and a protein (globin)
Hemoglobin
The metabolic requirement for ? is for the synthesis of respiratory pigments (hemoglobin) that is needed for transporting oxygen from lungs to tissues.
iron
is also a cofactor for several metalloenzymes such as cytochromes, respiratory pigments (hemoglobin, myoglobin), peroxidases, and catalases
Iron
is supplied either as inorganic ions (ferric or ferrous iron) or as organically bound iron as a part of the hemoglobin molecule.
Dietary iron
What is absorbed primarily in the ferrous (Fe2+) state
Nonhaem iron
is reduced to ferrous iron in the intestine
Ferric iron
What is the form of iron that is being absorbed.
Fe++ (ferrous iron)
Absorption of Fe in the ? is poor and is regulated according to the body’s need for the mineral, type of food consumed, and intestinal environment
duodenum
What condition in the intestine enhance iron absorption because inorganic iron in the ferrous form is more readily absorbed than iron in the ferric state?
Acidic conditions
What iron originating from hemoglobin and myoglobin animal tissue, such as meat, is better absorbed than nonhaem iron from plant sources
Organic haem iron
Dietary factors like phytates and tannins and other divalent elements, such as Zn, Mn, and Cu, can inhibit what absorption due to their competition for the same binding protein.
Fe absorption
must convert into ferric iron (Fe+++) before they can be transported
ferrous iron
is a ferric iron-containing protein, which is the major iron transporting protein found in blood
Transferrin
Once inside the enterocyte, what can be stored as ferritin (an iron-containing protein) or transferred into the plasma, where it binds to transport protein transferrin, the form of which is transported through the plasma
iron
(an iron-containing protein)
ferritin
Iron can be stored in tissues bound to two other proteins, a soluble form ( what is it called ? )
(ferritin)
Iron can be stored in tissues bound to two other proteins, a soluble form (ferritin) or an insoluble form ( what is it called ?)
hemosiderin
Chief storage sites of iron in the body are in?
bone marrow, the liver, and the spleen
What deficiency leads to hypochromic (less hemoglobin) and microcytic (smaller cell) anemia and reduced growth
Iron deficiency
induced iron deficiency, such as ? in mink
cotton pelt
What milk is low in iron
Sow milk
Cotton pelt in mink is caused by ? in the pacific hake binding to iron makes it unavailable for absorption.
formaldehyde
Cotton pelt in mink is caused by formaldehyde in the pacific hake binding to iron makes it unavailable for absorption. These deficiencies can be treated by injecting animals with organic iron—that is?
iron dextran
is required for hematopoiesis (red blood cell formation)
Copper (Cu)
As such, the metabolism of ? are very much related.
Cu and iron
needed for collagen and elastin crosslinking
lysyl oxidase
Copper is a component of ?, which is involved in electron transport and ATP generation
cytochrome C oxidase
Most of the Cu found in the blood is bound to the plasma protein?
ceruloplasmin
ceruloplasmin is a Cu-dependent protein functions as a carrier of Cu and is necessary for plasma iron for binding to?
ceruloplasmin transferrin
Copper is also a component in the antioxidant of what enzyme ?, responsible for destroying free radicals and preventing membrane damage and cell death.
superoxide dismutase
Lack of ? can lead to inefficient melanin formation and lack of pigmentation causing changes in coat color and loss of crimp in wool (steely wool).
Cu
Supplementing ? has been shown to enhance immunity in ruminant animals.
Cu
a cysteine-rich protein, is involved in the Cu absorption
Metallothionein
After absorption, mainly in duodenum, Cu is complexed with plasma protein ? and mainly stored in the liver, where it is used for ceruloplasmin and other proteins needed by the body.
albumin
What inhibits copper absorption
Zinc and ascorbic acid
What increases copper absorption by binding to zinc
phytate
Excess ? causes Cu deficiency by binding to Cu and forming an insoluble complex in blood
molybdenum
are sensitive to Cu toxicity due to their low ability to excrete Cu in bile
Sheep
What causes red blood cell hemolysis
Copper toxicity
accumulates in the liver cells until they are saturated causing oxidative damage
Copper
The breakdown of liver cells releases large amount of Cu into the blood causing?
RBC damage
causes metallic-green-colored kidneys, chocolate-colored blood, and reddish urine
Hemolysis
is a component of glutathione peroxidase
Selenium
an enzyme that deactivates lipid peroxides that are formed during lipid oxidation
glutathione peroxidase
have a sparing effect on the requirements of each other micronutrients.
Se and vitamin E
is also a component of other selenoproteins in blood and muscle
Se
The midpiece of sperm requires?
selenoprotein
Se is also involved in thyroid gland functions as deiodinase that converts the thyroid hormone thyroxine to its metabolically active form?
triiodothyronine
Sulfur-containing amino acids are important in the metabolism of?
Se
in the rumen replace Se with S in their S-containing amino acid synthesis and are absorbed in the duodenum as amino acids.
Microbes
Se is stored as?
selenomethionine and selenocystine
occur in different parts of the US and the world, affecting Se content of forages and grains produced from such places
Se-deficient or toxic soils
causes nutritional muscular dystrophy in all species (white muscle disease, exudative diathesis).
Se deficiency
Se deficiency symptoms can be treated with both?
vitamin E and Se
Se is required in very small?
quantities
- What amount of ppm of Se is required and 2. what amount of ppm is considered toxic?
- 0.02 ppm
- 5 ppm
Se toxicity causes what diseases?
alkali disease
causes acute blind staggers, which are caused by central nervous system damage
Se toxicity
Se toxicity can be prevented by providing animals with a? in their diet
high-protein diet or inorganic sulfate
Recently, Se fertilization of forages has been attempted to enhance organic Se in the diet of animals foraging in?
Se deficient soils
It is a constituent of vitamin B12. It is widely distributed in tissues such as in the liver, kidneys, and bones
Cobalt (Co)
Due to its close association as a chelated mineral with B12, the deficiency symptoms of cobalt align with?
vitamin B12 deficiency symptoms
Lack of ? in a diet leads to reduced ruminal synthesis of vitamin B12
cobalt
What animals have high cobalt requirements.
Ruminant animals
This deficiency occurs in the soil in different parts of the world, thus leading to low levels of Co in the forages consumed by grazing ruminants.
Cobalt deficiency
are given orally to cobalt-deficient ruminants
Dense pellets of cobalt
What type of Co is absorbed very poorly from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and due to the low absorption rate, toxicity is unlikely.
Inorganic Co
The only known function of this is as a constituent of thyroxin (tetra iodothyronine) and triiodothyronine, thyroid gland hormones
Iodine
is synthesized by the thyroid gland and is released into the tissues and is converted to the active form, triiodothyronine.
Tetra iodothyronine
Tetra iodothyronine is synthesized by the thyroid gland and is released into the tissues and is converted to the active form?
triiodothyronine
An iodine-containing protein, ? , is the precursor of thyroxine
thyroglobulin
It stimulates cellular oxidative processes and regulates the basal metabolic rate
Thyroxine
contains the highest concentration of Iodine and is followed by other organs such as the stomach, intestine, mammary glands, and skin
thyroid gland
The key organ for Iodine metabolism is the?
thyroid gland
More than what percentage of total body iodine can be found in the thyroid gland
80%
The uptake of Iodine by the what hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland
thyroid is enhanced by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
I is stored in the thyroid gland mainly as a glycoprotein called?
thyroglobulin
Deficiency of this leads to reduced regulation of the basal metabolic rate (BMR)
Deficiency of Iodine
Tissues of what animals consume less oxygen, and a reduction in the basal metabolic rate is associated with reduced growth rates and gonadal activity
Iodine-deficient animals
Iodine deficiency in young animals is called ?, a syndrome characterized by failure to grow, multiple skeletal deformities, and skin lesions
cretinism
Thyroid enlargement leads to a condition called?
goiter
is released in response to reduced thyroxine production
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
could occur in animals eating I-deficient forages or those feeds containing goitrogens
Goiter
Plants in the cabbage family are noteworthy for their what activity?
goitrogenic activity
The requirement of Iodine is about what ppm?
0.2 to 0.3 ppm
Long-term chronic intake of large amounts of Iodine reduces thyroid uptake of Iodine and leads to toxic symptoms called?
hyperthyroidism
disturbs all thyroid functions leading to increased BMR, increased pulse rate, and increased nervousness and excitability.
Excess Iodine
is a cofactor of the enzyme xanthine oxidase and nitrogenase. It is used as fertilizer on pasture
Molybdenum (Mo)
It is rare to see its deficiency; however, it is common to see its toxicity ( what micromineral? )
Molybdenum (Mo)
inhibits Cu absorption and binds Cu in blood to form an insoluble complex and thus cause Cu deficiency.
Excessive Mo
has been identified as an essential nutrient in animals.
Chromium (Cr)
In swine nutrition, the addition of this is used as a feed additive to reduce carcass fat, and supplementation of this has been shown to enhance immunity and reduce respiratory disease in cattle ( what micromineral )
Chromium (Cr)
