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Animal Nutrition > Microminerals > Flashcards

Microminerals Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 8 microminerals:

A
  • manganese
  • zinc
  • iron
  • copper
  • selenium
  • molybdenum
  • iodine
  • cobalt
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2
Q

It is a trace mineral that is a dietary essential for animals. In the animal body, it is widespread but is concentrated in bone and liver.

A

Manganese (Mn)

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3
Q

Manganese is essential for the maintenance and production of the ? of the organic matrix of the bone

A

mucopolysaccharide

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4
Q

They have normal tendon growth but slow or abnormal bone growth

A

Mn-deficient animals

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5
Q

Mn-deficient animals have normal tendon growth but slow or abnormal bone growth. This leads to symptoms such as 1. ? (slipped tendon) in chicks and 2. ? in young ruminants.

A
  1. perosis
  2. crooked calf
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6
Q

also serves as an important cofactor for many enzymes that catalyze carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism

A

Manganese

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7
Q

A large portion of Mn is located within the ?, where it activates a number of metal-enzyme complexes, such as pyruvate carboxylase, that regulate carbohydrate metabolism

A

mitochondria

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8
Q

A large portion of Mn is located within the mitochondria, where it activates a number of metal-enzyme complexes, such as ?, that regulate carbohydrate metabolism

A

pyruvate carboxylase

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9
Q

also functions as a cofactor in lipid metabolism through its role in cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis

A

Manganese

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10
Q

The absorption of manganese from the diet is very poor and is less than what percentage of intake?

A

10%

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11
Q

Excessive dietary Ca or P inhibits what absorption?

A

Mn absorption

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12
Q

Manganese is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract as?

A

Mn 2+

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13
Q

Manganese is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract as Mn 2+, oxidized to form?

A

Mn 3+

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14
Q

Manganese is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract as Mn 2+, oxidized to form Mn 3+, and transported to tissues using ? as a carrier

A

transferrin

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15
Q

Excessive Mn in diet can induce what deficiency?

A

iron deficiency

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16
Q

Many skeletal abnormalities are associated with what deficiency? and are related to default in mucopolysaccharide synthesis

A

manganese deficiency

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17
Q

In poultry, perosis (slipped tendon) occurs with what deficiency?

A

Mn deficiency

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18
Q

contains substances that interfere with Mn absorption causing deficiency

A

lupine

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19
Q

Reproductive problems such as delayed estrus, poor conception, decrease in litter size and livability in large animals, and reduction in hatchability in birds are reported due to what deficiency?

A

Mn deficiency

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20
Q

Manganese toxicity is?

A

very rare

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21
Q

is widely distributed in the animal body. High concentrations of ? can be found in the liver, bones, and animal body coverings, such as hair, wool, skin, and feathers.

A

Zinc (Zn)

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22
Q

is a cofactor or constituent (metalloenzyme) for more than 100 enzyme systems in the animal body.

A

Zinc

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23
Q

in tissue is highly related to the tissue distribution of enzymes to which it is related.

A

Zinc concentration

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24
Q

is a component of insulin and in this way functions with carbohydrate metabolism. It is also required for retinol-binding protein synthesis and is important for T-cell function in immunity and reproductive functioning.

A

Zn

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25
Q

Absorption of Zn is about what percentage of the intake and is affected by several factors?

A

5% to 40%

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26
Q

a low molecular weight binding protein, has a high affinity for binding to Zn and is involved in the transfer of Zn from intestinal mucosa cells to plasma and metabolism of Zn.

A

Metallothionein

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27
Q

High levels of Zn stimulates synthesis of ?, which binds and traps Zn inside the mucosal cells

A

metallothionein

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28
Q

The absorption of ? is affected adversely by high dietary Ca, and the presence of phytate aggravates it

A

Zn

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29
Q

The absorption of Zn is affected adversely by high dietary 1. ?, and the presence of 2. ? aggravates it

A
  1. Ca
  2. Phytate
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30
Q

chelates with Zn, limiting its availability (and the availability of other minerals such as P too) to the animals

A

Dietary phytate

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31
Q

This absorption requires a common carrier shared by iron, copper, and zinc

A

Zn absorption

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32
Q

excessive iron impairs what absorption?

A

zinc absorption

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33
Q

When mucosal cells are sloughed off, what is lost in feces

A

Zn

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34
Q

Cell differentiation and replication are impaired with what deficiency?

A

Zn deficiency

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35
Q

Zinc deficiency causes a condition called ?, with dry, scaly, and cracked skin and poor feathering in poultry

A

parakeratosis, or severe dermatitis

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36
Q

Due to the role of Zn in immunity and T-cell functions, impaired or delayed wound healing occurs with what deficiency?

A

Zn deficiency

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37
Q

These two decrease Zn absorption and thus precipitate Zn deficiency

A

high Ca and phytate

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38
Q

Animal diets containing ? increase Zn requirement due to the high content of phytic acid in these products

A

cereal grains and soybean meal

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39
Q

is present in all cells of the animal body, but the largest proportion of the body’s ? is present as a component of the protein molecule hemoglobin (> 65%) and myoglobin (> 4%)

A

Iron

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40
Q

Iron is present in all cells of the animal body, but the largest proportion of the body’s iron is present as a component of the protein molecule:

A

hemoglobin (> 65%) and myoglobin (> 4%)

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41
Q

is a complex protein present in red blood cells consisting of a haem group (porphyrin) containing ferrous (Fe2+) iron and a protein (globin)

A

Hemoglobin

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42
Q

The metabolic requirement for ? is for the synthesis of respiratory pigments (hemoglobin) that is needed for transporting oxygen from lungs to tissues.

A

iron

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43
Q

is also a cofactor for several metalloenzymes such as cytochromes, respiratory pigments (hemoglobin, myoglobin), peroxidases, and catalases

A

Iron

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44
Q

is supplied either as inorganic ions (ferric or ferrous iron) or as organically bound iron as a part of the hemoglobin molecule.

A

Dietary iron

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45
Q

What is absorbed primarily in the ferrous (Fe2+) state

A

Nonhaem iron

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46
Q

is reduced to ferrous iron in the intestine

A

Ferric iron

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47
Q

What is the form of iron that is being absorbed.

A

Fe++ (ferrous iron)

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48
Q

Absorption of Fe in the ? is poor and is regulated according to the body’s need for the mineral, type of food consumed, and intestinal environment

A

duodenum

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49
Q

What condition in the intestine enhance iron absorption because inorganic iron in the ferrous form is more readily absorbed than iron in the ferric state?

A

Acidic conditions

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50
Q

What iron originating from hemoglobin and myoglobin animal tissue, such as meat, is better absorbed than nonhaem iron from plant sources

A

Organic haem iron

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51
Q

Dietary factors like phytates and tannins and other divalent elements, such as Zn, Mn, and Cu, can inhibit what absorption due to their competition for the same binding protein.

A

Fe absorption

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52
Q

must convert into ferric iron (Fe+++) before they can be transported

A

ferrous iron

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53
Q

is a ferric iron-containing protein, which is the major iron transporting protein found in blood

A

Transferrin

54
Q

Once inside the enterocyte, what can be stored as ferritin (an iron-containing protein) or transferred into the plasma, where it binds to transport protein transferrin, the form of which is transported through the plasma

A

iron

55
Q

(an iron-containing protein)

A

ferritin

56
Q

Iron can be stored in tissues bound to two other proteins, a soluble form ( what is it called ? )

A

(ferritin)

57
Q

Iron can be stored in tissues bound to two other proteins, a soluble form (ferritin) or an insoluble form ( what is it called ?)

A

hemosiderin

58
Q

Chief storage sites of iron in the body are in?

A

bone marrow, the liver, and the spleen

59
Q

What deficiency leads to hypochromic (less hemoglobin) and microcytic (smaller cell) anemia and reduced growth

A

Iron deficiency

60
Q

induced iron deficiency, such as ? in mink

A

cotton pelt

61
Q

What milk is low in iron

A

Sow milk

62
Q

Cotton pelt in mink is caused by ? in the pacific hake binding to iron makes it unavailable for absorption.

A

formaldehyde

63
Q

Cotton pelt in mink is caused by formaldehyde in the pacific hake binding to iron makes it unavailable for absorption. These deficiencies can be treated by injecting animals with organic iron—that is?

A

iron dextran

64
Q

is required for hematopoiesis (red blood cell formation)

A

Copper (Cu)

65
Q

As such, the metabolism of ? are very much related.

A

Cu and iron

66
Q

needed for collagen and elastin crosslinking

A

lysyl oxidase

67
Q

Copper is a component of ?, which is involved in electron transport and ATP generation

A

cytochrome C oxidase

68
Q

Most of the Cu found in the blood is bound to the plasma protein?

A

ceruloplasmin

69
Q

ceruloplasmin is a Cu-dependent protein functions as a carrier of Cu and is necessary for plasma iron for binding to?

A

ceruloplasmin transferrin

70
Q

Copper is also a component in the antioxidant of what enzyme ?, responsible for destroying free radicals and preventing membrane damage and cell death.

A

superoxide dismutase

71
Q

Lack of ? can lead to inefficient melanin formation and lack of pigmentation causing changes in coat color and loss of crimp in wool (steely wool).

A

Cu

72
Q

Supplementing ? has been shown to enhance immunity in ruminant animals.

A

Cu

73
Q

a cysteine-rich protein, is involved in the Cu absorption

A

Metallothionein

74
Q

After absorption, mainly in duodenum, Cu is complexed with plasma protein ? and mainly stored in the liver, where it is used for ceruloplasmin and other proteins needed by the body.

A

albumin

75
Q

What inhibits copper absorption

A

Zinc and ascorbic acid

76
Q

What increases copper absorption by binding to zinc

A

phytate

77
Q

Excess ? causes Cu deficiency by binding to Cu and forming an insoluble complex in blood

A

molybdenum

78
Q

are sensitive to Cu toxicity due to their low ability to excrete Cu in bile

A

Sheep

79
Q

What causes red blood cell hemolysis

A

Copper toxicity

80
Q

accumulates in the liver cells until they are saturated causing oxidative damage

A

Copper

81
Q

The breakdown of liver cells releases large amount of Cu into the blood causing?

A

RBC damage

82
Q

causes metallic-green-colored kidneys, chocolate-colored blood, and reddish urine

A

Hemolysis

83
Q

is a component of glutathione peroxidase

A

Selenium

84
Q

an enzyme that deactivates lipid peroxides that are formed during lipid oxidation

A

glutathione peroxidase

85
Q

have a sparing effect on the requirements of each other micronutrients.

A

Se and vitamin E

86
Q

is also a component of other selenoproteins in blood and muscle

A

Se

87
Q

The midpiece of sperm requires?

A

selenoprotein

88
Q

Se is also involved in thyroid gland functions as deiodinase that converts the thyroid hormone thyroxine to its metabolically active form?

A

triiodothyronine

89
Q

Sulfur-containing amino acids are important in the metabolism of?

A

Se

90
Q

in the rumen replace Se with S in their S-containing amino acid synthesis and are absorbed in the duodenum as amino acids.

A

Microbes

91
Q

Se is stored as?

A

selenomethionine and selenocystine

92
Q

occur in different parts of the US and the world, affecting Se content of forages and grains produced from such places

A

Se-deficient or toxic soils

93
Q

causes nutritional muscular dystrophy in all species (white muscle disease, exudative diathesis).

A

Se deficiency

94
Q

Se deficiency symptoms can be treated with both?

A

vitamin E and Se

95
Q

Se is required in very small?

A

quantities

96
Q
  1. What amount of ppm of Se is required and 2. what amount of ppm is considered toxic?
A
  1. 0.02 ppm
  2. 5 ppm
97
Q

Se toxicity causes what diseases?

A

alkali disease

98
Q

causes acute blind staggers, which are caused by central nervous system damage

A

Se toxicity

99
Q

Se toxicity can be prevented by providing animals with a? in their diet

A

high-protein diet or inorganic sulfate

100
Q

Recently, Se fertilization of forages has been attempted to enhance organic Se in the diet of animals foraging in?

A

Se deficient soils

101
Q

It is a constituent of vitamin B12. It is widely distributed in tissues such as in the liver, kidneys, and bones

A

Cobalt (Co)

102
Q

Due to its close association as a chelated mineral with B12, the deficiency symptoms of cobalt align with?

A

vitamin B12 deficiency symptoms

103
Q

Lack of ? in a diet leads to reduced ruminal synthesis of vitamin B12

A

cobalt

104
Q

What animals have high cobalt requirements.

A

Ruminant animals

105
Q

This deficiency occurs in the soil in different parts of the world, thus leading to low levels of Co in the forages consumed by grazing ruminants.

A

Cobalt deficiency

106
Q

are given orally to cobalt-deficient ruminants

A

Dense pellets of cobalt

107
Q

What type of Co is absorbed very poorly from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and due to the low absorption rate, toxicity is unlikely.

A

Inorganic Co

108
Q

The only known function of this is as a constituent of thyroxin (tetra iodothyronine) and triiodothyronine, thyroid gland hormones

A

Iodine

109
Q

is synthesized by the thyroid gland and is released into the tissues and is converted to the active form, triiodothyronine.

A

Tetra iodothyronine

110
Q

Tetra iodothyronine is synthesized by the thyroid gland and is released into the tissues and is converted to the active form?

A

triiodothyronine

111
Q

An iodine-containing protein, ? , is the precursor of thyroxine

A

thyroglobulin

112
Q

It stimulates cellular oxidative processes and regulates the basal metabolic rate

A

Thyroxine

113
Q

contains the highest concentration of Iodine and is followed by other organs such as the stomach, intestine, mammary glands, and skin

A

thyroid gland

114
Q

The key organ for Iodine metabolism is the?

A

thyroid gland

115
Q

More than what percentage of total body iodine can be found in the thyroid gland

A

80%

116
Q

The uptake of Iodine by the what hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland

A

thyroid is enhanced by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

117
Q

I is stored in the thyroid gland mainly as a glycoprotein called?

A

thyroglobulin

118
Q

Deficiency of this leads to reduced regulation of the basal metabolic rate (BMR)

A

Deficiency of Iodine

119
Q

Tissues of what animals consume less oxygen, and a reduction in the basal metabolic rate is associated with reduced growth rates and gonadal activity

A

Iodine-deficient animals

120
Q

Iodine deficiency in young animals is called ?, a syndrome characterized by failure to grow, multiple skeletal deformities, and skin lesions

A

cretinism

121
Q

Thyroid enlargement leads to a condition called?

A

goiter

122
Q

is released in response to reduced thyroxine production

A

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

123
Q

could occur in animals eating I-deficient forages or those feeds containing goitrogens

A

Goiter

124
Q

Plants in the cabbage family are noteworthy for their what activity?

A

goitrogenic activity

125
Q

The requirement of Iodine is about what ppm?

A

0.2 to 0.3 ppm

126
Q

Long-term chronic intake of large amounts of Iodine reduces thyroid uptake of Iodine and leads to toxic symptoms called?

A

hyperthyroidism

127
Q

disturbs all thyroid functions leading to increased BMR, increased pulse rate, and increased nervousness and excitability.

A

Excess Iodine

128
Q

is a cofactor of the enzyme xanthine oxidase and nitrogenase. It is used as fertilizer on pasture

A

Molybdenum (Mo)

129
Q

It is rare to see its deficiency; however, it is common to see its toxicity ( what micromineral? )

A

Molybdenum (Mo)

130
Q

inhibits Cu absorption and binds Cu in blood to form an insoluble complex and thus cause Cu deficiency.

A

Excessive Mo

131
Q

has been identified as an essential nutrient in animals.

A

Chromium (Cr)

132
Q

In swine nutrition, the addition of this is used as a feed additive to reduce carcass fat, and supplementation of this has been shown to enhance immunity and reduce respiratory disease in cattle ( what micromineral )

A

Chromium (Cr)

Animal Nutrition (7 decks)

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