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Animal Nutrition > Minerals > Flashcards

Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

are inorganic elements that are essential for the animal body’s physiological functions and metabolic processes.

A

Minerals

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2
Q

The mineral matter constitutes about ? of the animal body’s weight, and their presence is essential for maintaining life and animal health.

A

4%

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3
Q

are more integrally a part of all biological functions in the body than any other single class of nutrient

A

Minerals

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4
Q

Scientific literature lists how many essential minerals?

A

21

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5
Q

Minerals are classified into two groups—

A

macro and micro (trace) minerals

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6
Q

are those minerals that occur in appreciable amounts in the animal body and are required in large quantities in the diet (> 0.01%)

A

Macrominerals

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7
Q

include calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sulfur, and electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride)

A

Macrominerals

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8
Q

Minerals do not provide?

A

energy

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9
Q

are needed in minute quantities in the diet

A

Minerals

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10
Q

are required in trace amounts (< 0.01%), in milligrams, micrograms, or parts per million

A

Microminerals

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11
Q

discussed include manganese, zinc, iron, copper, selenium, iodine, cobalt molybdenum, and chromium

A

Microminerals

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12
Q

cannot be added to a diet in their elemental forms but rather need to be added as salts that are combined with other minerals (NaCl, CaCO3, MnSO4, etc.)

A

Minerals

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13
Q

Both ? function as structural components in the animal body.

A

calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P)

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14
Q

Approximately what percentage of the Ca and of the P in the animal body occur in bones and teeth as a compound called hydroxyapatite.

A

99% and 80%

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15
Q

Approximately 99% of the Ca and 80% of the P in the animal body occur in ? as a compound called hydroxyapatite.

A

bones and teeth

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16
Q

Approximately 99% of the Ca and 80% of the P in the animal body occur in bones and teeth as a compound called?

A

hydroxyapatite

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17
Q

The other 1% of Ca is distributed in ?, where they are involved in different metabolic and physiologic activities such as blood coagulation, nerve impulse and cell permeability maintenance, activation of certain enzymes, muscle contraction, or serving as activators of ion channels.

A

cellular fluids

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18
Q

that is found in the soft tissues of the body is involved in important phosphorylation reactions that are part of cellular oxidative pathways for energy metabolism

A

phosphorus

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19
Q

is a component of the central compound in energy metabolism, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is a phosphorylated compound

A

phosphorus

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20
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) contains?

A

phosphorylated pentose sugars

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21
Q

is also part of cell membrane phospholipids that are involved in maintaining cellular fluidity and transport of nutrients into cells.

A

Phosphorus

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22
Q

are rich in phosphorus

A

Cereal grains

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23
Q

P in cereal grains are present in the bound form as?

A

phytate or phytic acid

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24
Q

They lack the enzyme phytase to release them from the bound form and the term available

A

Monogastric animals

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25
Q

Monogastric animals lack what enzyme to release them from the bound form and the term available?

A

enzyme phytase

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26
Q

They produce microbial phytase enzyme that can split and liberate P.

A

Ruminant animals

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27
Q

Ruminant animals produce ? that can split and liberate P.

A

microbial phytase enzyme

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28
Q

The body has a strictly controlled physiological regulation called ? —that is, maintenance of a steady state of circulating blood plasma calcium

A

homeostasis

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29
Q

The body has a strictly controlled physiological regulation called homeostasis—that is, maintenance of a steady state of?

A

circulating blood plasma calcium

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30
Q

When blood Ca is low (hypocalcemia), what is released from the parathyroid gland, which leads to increased Ca and P resorption from bone, increased P excretion into urine, and increased synthesis of active forms of vitamin D in the kidneys; this in turn is due to an increase in absorption of dietary Ca from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

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31
Q

In conjunction with PTH, what vitamin also enhances the mobilization of Ca from bone by increasing the activity of osteoclasts?

A

vitamin D

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32
Q

In conjunction with PTH, vitamin D also enhances the mobilization of Ca from bone by increasing the activity of?

A

osteoclasts

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33
Q

When blood Ca is high (hypercalcemia), another hormone called ? is released by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland.

A

calcitonin

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34
Q

reverses PTH functions to lower blood Ca level to normal by decreasing calcium mobilization from bones.

A

Calcitonin

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35
Q

are the most important regulators of blood calcium homeostasis

A

Parathyroid hormones and active-form vitamin D

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36
Q

Excess dietary Ca forms insoluble complexes with phosphorus, resulting in decreased?

A

P absorption

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37
Q

High ? in the diet can inhibit Ca absorption

A

High P or phytate P

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38
Q

are rich in P, but most of it is in the bound form as phytate P

A

Cereal grains

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39
Q

Cereal grains are rich in P, but most of it is in the bound form as?

A

phytate P

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40
Q

The recommended ratio of Ca:P is ? in (small animals)

A

1:1

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41
Q

The recommended ratio of Ca:P is 1:1 (small animals) to (large animals) is?

A

2:1

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42
Q

Feeding diets with improper ratio of Ca:P or supplementing feeds with high levels of one of these minerals can lead to?

A

calcium phosphorus imbalance

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43
Q

serves as the storehouse of minerals, especially calcium and phosphorus.

A

Bone

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44
Q

Thus imbalance in calcium and phosphorus leads to structural deformities in animals as well as eggshell quality in?

A

egg-laying hens

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45
Q

Several ? are associated with calcium phosphorus deficiency, imbalance, or excess in food-producing animals.

A

bone growth disorders

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46
Q

is a condition occurring in young growing animals due to normal growth in the organic matrix but insufficient mineralization

A

Rickets

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47
Q

occurs in adult animals with a Ca-deficient diet.

A

Osteomalacia

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48
Q

Excessive loss of Ca from bone causes?

A

brittle, demineralized bones

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49
Q

is the result of a loss of both mineralization and the organic matrix of bone

A

Osteoporosis

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50
Q

In both ?, bones become soft and often deformed due to improper calcification.

A

rickets and osteomalacia

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51
Q

In fast-growing animals, such as ?, where skeletal mineral turnover is rapid, Ca deficiency may produce profound changes

A

chickens and pigs

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52
Q

In large animals, such as ?, it takes a longer time to show CA deficiency symptoms

A

cows and sheep

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53
Q

Lameness, leg weakness, abnormal gait, and spontaneous fractures may accompany?

A

osteomalacia

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54
Q

A reduction in ? occurs in all cases of Ca deficiency or Ca-P imbalance.

A

bone ash content

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55
Q

Severe Ca deficiency may produce ?, which causes tetany and convulsions

A

hypocalcemia

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56
Q

Severe Ca deficiency may produce hypocalcemia, which causes?

A

tetany and convulsions

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57
Q

in dairy cows is a classic example of hypocalcemia and Ca tetany

A

Milk fever, or parturient paresis

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58
Q

The animal’s body temperature drops, it shows signs of ?, and it eventually collapses with head bent over the flank.

A

tetany

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59
Q

Treatment for CA tenaty is aimed at increasing blood Ca through an intravenous supply of?

A

Ca salts such as CaCl2, Ca-lactate, or Ca-gluconate

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60
Q

A high-dose ? should be given five days before calving to enhance Ca absorption

A

vitamin D injection

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61
Q

It always happens in high-producing dairy cows within the first 24 hours after calving because of the high Ca demand of lactation coupled with hormonal insufficiency

A

Milk fever

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62
Q

Under normal conditions, what are utilized to meet the high demand for milk Ca

A

bone Ca minerals

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63
Q

Under normal conditions, bone Ca minerals are utilized to meet the high demand for?

A

milk Ca

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64
Q

However, mobilization of bone minerals is under hormonal control, especially by?

A

Parathyroid hormone

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65
Q

A good management practice is providing a low Ca diet at least 14 days before calving to ? so that when lactation begins, Ca mobilization from bones increases due to increased PTH secretion

A

“prime” or stimulate endocrine activity

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66
Q

Cows with milk fever usually recover rapidly following intravenous administration of?

A

Ca

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67
Q

Providing a ? diet during the dry period in cows is recommended to minimize the incidence of milk fever in dairy cows

A

low Ca

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68
Q

Providing a low Ca diet during the dry period in cows is recommended to minimize the incidence of ? in dairy cows

A

milk fever

69
Q

Similar to milk fever, this often happens to high-producing young hens during the peak egg production phase (>35 week of age)

A

cage layer fatigue

70
Q

Egg laying demands a high supply of Ca for?

A

eggshell formation

71
Q

Lack of enough Ca leads to increase mobilization from bones leading to?

A

leg weakness

72
Q

may show reluctance to move, may move to a corner of the cage, or may produce deformed or soft-shelled eggs

A

Affected birds

73
Q

The Ca requirements of egg laying hens are much higher than other animals, and the hens should be provided a minimum of ? for egg production

A

3.3 g of Ca/day

74
Q

Use of ? that enhances retention in the gut are highly recommended in hen diets

A

Ca sources and larger particle size

75
Q

is also one of the major welfare issues in older hens after the laying cycle; this leads to broken bones and leg weakness.

A

Hen osteoporosis

76
Q

is the common situation in animals fed grain-based diets and low-quality hay or in pets fed homemade meat-based diets

A

Excess P and low Ca

77
Q

occur in young horses fed high-energy diets and in large breeds of dogs fed extra Ca–supplemented diets

A

Developmental bone-related disorders

78
Q

Similar cases related to ? has been reported in large cats (tigers, cheetahs) kept in a zoo when fed meat-only diets compared with the meat and bone diets they consume in the wild

A

Ca-P imbalance

79
Q

A low ratio of ? leads to high level of P and low Ca in the blood.

A

Ca-P

80
Q

A low ratio of Ca-P leads to high level of P and low Ca in the blood. Such a situation causes PTH to increase its secretion, stimulating?

A

urinary P excretion and mobilization of Ca from bone

81
Q

A low ratio of Ca-P leads to high level of P and low Ca in the blood. Such a situation causes ? to increase its secretion, stimulating urinary P excretion and mobilization of Ca from bone

A

PTH

82
Q

In chronic cases, prolonged dietary imbalance leads to?

A

nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism

83
Q

In many tropical areas of the world, soil is deficient in?

A

P

84
Q

In many tropical areas of the world, soil is deficient in P, and animals grazing in such places often develop a depraved appetite and abnormal chewing and eating behaviors, which is termed?

A

pica

85
Q

interferes with P digestion and absorption

A

High fluoride

86
Q

What can be contaminated with fluorine gas from industrial sources will precipitate P deficiency in animals.

A

Pastures

87
Q

Dietary ? ratio should be 1:1 to 2:1 for optimum bone health.

A

Ca:P

88
Q

is the third most abundant element in the body, is present in the body as phosphates, and carbonates in bone and in liver and skeletal muscle cells.

A

Magnesium

89
Q

In the skeletal system, it is involved providing structural roles, while in the cells, it is required to activate several enzymes that split and transfer phosphatases

A

Mg

90
Q

As a cation in the intracellular fluid, it is involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates and proteins

A

Mg

91
Q

Along with Ca, sodium, and potassium, it plays an important role in muscle contraction and transmission of nerve impulses

A

Mg

92
Q

is absorbed mostly from the ileum

A

Dietary Mg

93
Q

Dietary Mg is absorbed mostly from the?

A

ileum

94
Q

What vitamin does not affect Mg absorption?

A

Vitamin D

95
Q

No carrier is needed for what absorption

A

Mg absorption

96
Q

increases the release of Mg from bone

A

PTH

97
Q

is associated with increases in urinary excretion and reduced serum Mg

A

Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism

98
Q

is widespread in food sources

A

Magnesium

99
Q

A common problem of grazing livestock is called?

A

grass tetany

100
Q

grass tetany is also known as?

A

“wheat grass poisoning.”

101
Q

It occurs most frequently in livestock that feeds on lush green pastures of cereal forages or native pastures in the spring season

A

grass tetany

102
Q

binds to Mg and leads to Mg deficiency.

A

Trans aconitate

103
Q

The symptoms include muscle tetany, head retraction, staggering, convulsion, and extreme sensitivity to noise or touch

A

Mg deficiency

104
Q

Both ? inhibit Mg absorption

A

nitrogen and potassium

105
Q

Both nitrogen and potassium inhibit?

A

Mg absorption

106
Q

High levels of N and K are usually present in?

A

lush fertilized pastures

107
Q

High levels of ? are usually present in lush fertilized pastures

A

N and K

108
Q

livestock grazed on fertilized pastures are more susceptible to?

A

grass tetany

109
Q

is the most common Mg deficiency in grazing animals.

A

Grass tetany

110
Q

serves as a structural component of skin, hair, wool, feather, cartilage, and connective tissue

A

Sulfur (S)

111
Q

is required by the body mainly as a component of S-containing organic compounds

A

Sulfur

112
Q

Sulfur is also an integral part of three amino acids:

A

methionine, cysteine, and cystine.

113
Q

The largest portion of S in the body is found within?

A

S-containing amino acids

114
Q

is generally recommended in the diets of birds during rapid feather growth as well as in the diets of sheep for wool growth

A

high-S-containing amino acid

115
Q

Sulfur is also found in enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase, which functions as an?

A

antioxidant

116
Q

Sulfur is also found in enzymes such as ? , which functions as an antioxidant

A

glutathione peroxidase

117
Q

S is a component of two B vitamins: ? , involved in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism

A

thiamin and biotin

118
Q

As a component of coenzyme A, it is important in energy metabolism too

A

S

119
Q

Reduced feather and wool growth and weight gain can occur due to?

A

S deficiency

120
Q

What type of sulfur is very poorly absorbed from a diet

A

Inorganic S

121
Q

S requirement can be met with organic S found in?

A

S-containing amino acids

122
Q

In sheep, ? may help in microbial protein synthesis and weight gain when nonprotein nitrogen is included in the diet.

A

S supplementation

123
Q

Because intestinal absorption is very low, it is not a practical problem.

A

S toxicity

124
Q

are electrically charged, dissolved substances; the animal body is kept electrically neutral

A

Electrolytes

125
Q

is determined by the difference between total anion and cation intake and excretion

A

Acid-base balance

126
Q

are discussed together because these three minerals are electrolytes and help in creating an ionic balance and in keeping cells alive

A

sodium (Na), potassium (K), and chlorine (Cl)

127
Q

The electrolytes play a vital role in maintaining the acid-base balance (pH maintenance in the blood and tissue), cell membrane signal transductions, and osmotic pressure in intra- and extracellular fluids

A

sodium (Na), potassium (K), and chlorine (Cl)

128
Q

they cannot be stored and need to be supplied in the diet daily

A

sodium (Na), potassium (K), and chlorine (Cl)

129
Q

is added to the diets of all animals and is given free choice to grazing animals.

A

Common salt (NaCl)

130
Q

is also used as a vehicle to deliver other trace elements such as iodized salt or trace-mineralized sal

A

Salt

131
Q

In pigs and poultry diets, the addition of what percentage of salt is standard practice

A

0.3% to 0.5%

132
Q

is the main extracellular cation found outside the cells (extracellular) and blood

A

Sodium (Na+)

133
Q

functions in conjunction with other ions to maintain cell permeability in the active transport of nutrients across membranes

A

Sodium

134
Q

controls electrolyte balance and is a major part of the basal metabolic rate in the body

A

sodium pump (Na-pump)

135
Q

is also required for muscle contraction and nerve impulse transmission

A

Sodium

136
Q

Sodium is included in animal diets as?

A

sodium chloride (NaCl)

137
Q

is the major cation found in greater concentrations within the cells (intracellular fluid).

A

Potassium (K)

138
Q

This electrolytes within the cells provides osmotic force, which maintains fluid volume

A

Ionized K

139
Q

Ionized K within the cells provides ?, which maintains fluid volume

A

osmotic force

140
Q

is also involved in several enzymatic reactions.

A

Cellular potassium

141
Q

Maintaining ? is important for the normal functioning of the heart muscle

A

potassium balance

142
Q

is the negatively charged anion that counterbalance the role of positively charged cations (K and Na).

A

Chloride

143
Q

accounts for two-thirds of anion present in extracellular fluid involved in regulating osmotic pressure.

A

Chlorine (Cl)

144
Q

Chlorine is also necessary for the formation of ?, which is needed for the activation of gastric enzymes and initiation of protein digestion in the stomach.

A

hydrochloric acid

145
Q

is also necessary for the formation of hydrochloric acid, which is needed for the activation of gastric enzymes and initiation of protein digestion in the stomach

A

Chlorine

146
Q

is supplied through NaCl in the animal diet

A

Chloride

147
Q

Usually, these three elements are fairly abundant in normal diets and deficiency is rare.

A

sodium (Na), potassium (K), and chlorine (Cl) deficiency

148
Q

What organ normally regulate the excretion of electrolytes

A

kidneys

149
Q

kidneys normally regulate the excretion of?

A

electrolytes

150
Q

Alterations in acid-base balance can lead to ? in animals affecting animal health and productivity.

A

acidosis or alkalosis

151
Q

Under most circumstances, dietary electrolyte balance is expressed as?

A

Na+K-Cl (meq/kg)

152
Q

For poultry, the optimal balance meq/kg is?

A

250 meq/kg

153
Q

For poultry, the optimal balance is 250 meq/kg, and for pigs, it should be in the range of?

A

100–200 meq/kg dry matter (DM)

154
Q

Dietary electrolyte imbalance has been associated with leg abnormalities, such as?

A

tibial dyschondroplasia (slipped tendon)

155
Q

is important in maintaining skeletal health and growth in pigs and poultry.

A

Electrolyte balance

156
Q

In ruminant animals, it is important in preventing acidosis and alkalosis

A

electrolyte balance

157
Q

In ruminant animals, electrolyte balance is important in preventing?

A

acidosis and alkalosis

158
Q

It is usually adopted in dairy cattle feeding to reduce the incidence of milk fever

A

Dietary cation-anion difference

159
Q

Dietary cation-anion difference is usually adopted in dairy cattle feeding to reduce the incidence of?

A

milk fever

160
Q

may increase the incidence of milk fever in dairy cattle

A

Prepartum alkalosis

161
Q

Prepartum alkalosis may increase the incidence of milk fever in dairy cattle, whereas ? may prevent it

A

acidosis

162
Q

Prepartum diets high in ? are also rich in K and could reduce the ability of the cow to maintain Ca homeostasis and could cause milk fever.

A

forages

163
Q

Prepartum diets high in forages are also rich in K and could reduce the ability of the cow to maintain 1. ? and could cause 2. ?

A
  1. Ca homeostasis
  2. Milk fever
164
Q

Diets that reduce ? can cause blood Ca to increase and reduce the milk fever.

A

blood pH

165
Q

This diet increase the incidence of milk fever

A

Alkaline diets

166
Q

This diet prevent milk fever

A

acidic diets

167
Q

What are the 7 minerals?

A
  • calcium
  • phosphorus
  • magnesium
  • sulfur
  • sodium
  • chlorine
  • potassium
168
Q

Calcium function:

A
  • blood coagulation
  • nerve impulse and cell permeability maintenance
  • activation of certain enzymes
  • muscle contraction, or serving as activators of ion channels

Animal Nutrition (7 decks)

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