Minerals Flashcards
1
Q
are inorganic elements that are essential for the animal body’s physiological functions and metabolic processes.
A
Minerals
2
Q
The mineral matter constitutes about ? of the animal body’s weight, and their presence is essential for maintaining life and animal health.
A
4%
3
Q
are more integrally a part of all biological functions in the body than any other single class of nutrient
A
Minerals
4
Q
Scientific literature lists how many essential minerals?
A
21
5
Q
Minerals are classified into two groups—
A
macro and micro (trace) minerals
6
Q
are those minerals that occur in appreciable amounts in the animal body and are required in large quantities in the diet (> 0.01%)
A
Macrominerals
7
Q
include calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sulfur, and electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride)
A
Macrominerals
8
Q
Minerals do not provide?
A
energy
9
Q
are needed in minute quantities in the diet
A
Minerals
10
Q
are required in trace amounts (< 0.01%), in milligrams, micrograms, or parts per million
A
Microminerals
11
Q
discussed include manganese, zinc, iron, copper, selenium, iodine, cobalt molybdenum, and chromium
A
Microminerals
12
Q
cannot be added to a diet in their elemental forms but rather need to be added as salts that are combined with other minerals (NaCl, CaCO3, MnSO4, etc.)
A
Minerals
13
Q
Both ? function as structural components in the animal body.
A
calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P)
14
Q
Approximately what percentage of the Ca and of the P in the animal body occur in bones and teeth as a compound called hydroxyapatite.
A
99% and 80%
15
Q
Approximately 99% of the Ca and 80% of the P in the animal body occur in ? as a compound called hydroxyapatite.
A
bones and teeth
16
Q
Approximately 99% of the Ca and 80% of the P in the animal body occur in bones and teeth as a compound called?
A
hydroxyapatite
17
Q
The other 1% of Ca is distributed in ?, where they are involved in different metabolic and physiologic activities such as blood coagulation, nerve impulse and cell permeability maintenance, activation of certain enzymes, muscle contraction, or serving as activators of ion channels.
A
cellular fluids
18
Q
that is found in the soft tissues of the body is involved in important phosphorylation reactions that are part of cellular oxidative pathways for energy metabolism
A
phosphorus
19
Q
is a component of the central compound in energy metabolism, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is a phosphorylated compound
A
phosphorus
20
Q
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) contains?
A
phosphorylated pentose sugars
21
Q
is also part of cell membrane phospholipids that are involved in maintaining cellular fluidity and transport of nutrients into cells.
A
Phosphorus
22
Q
are rich in phosphorus
A
Cereal grains
23
Q
P in cereal grains are present in the bound form as?
A
phytate or phytic acid
24
Q
They lack the enzyme phytase to release them from the bound form and the term available
A
Monogastric animals
25
Monogastric animals lack what enzyme to release them from the bound form and the term available?
enzyme phytase
26
They produce microbial phytase enzyme that can split and liberate P.
Ruminant animals
27
Ruminant animals produce ? that can split and liberate P.
microbial phytase enzyme
28
The body has a strictly controlled physiological regulation called ? —that is, maintenance of a steady state of circulating blood plasma calcium
homeostasis
29
The body has a strictly controlled physiological regulation called homeostasis—that is, maintenance of a steady state of?
circulating blood plasma calcium
30
When blood Ca is low (hypocalcemia), what is released from the parathyroid gland, which leads to increased Ca and P resorption from bone, increased P excretion into urine, and increased synthesis of active forms of vitamin D in the kidneys; this in turn is due to an increase in absorption of dietary Ca from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
31
In conjunction with PTH, what vitamin also enhances the mobilization of Ca from bone by increasing the activity of osteoclasts?
vitamin D
32
In conjunction with PTH, vitamin D also enhances the mobilization of Ca from bone by increasing the activity of?
osteoclasts
33
When blood Ca is high (hypercalcemia), another hormone called ? is released by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland.
calcitonin
34
reverses PTH functions to lower blood Ca level to normal by decreasing calcium mobilization from bones.
Calcitonin
35
are the most important regulators of blood calcium homeostasis
Parathyroid hormones and active-form vitamin D
36
Excess dietary Ca forms insoluble complexes with phosphorus, resulting in decreased?
P absorption
37
High ? in the diet can inhibit Ca absorption
High P or phytate P
38
are rich in P, but most of it is in the bound form as phytate P
Cereal grains
39
Cereal grains are rich in P, but most of it is in the bound form as?
phytate P
40
The recommended ratio of Ca:P is ? in (small animals)
1:1
41
The recommended ratio of Ca:P is 1:1 (small animals) to (large animals) is?
2:1
42
Feeding diets with improper ratio of Ca:P or supplementing feeds with high levels of one of these minerals can lead to?
calcium phosphorus imbalance
43
serves as the storehouse of minerals, especially calcium and phosphorus.
Bone
44
Thus imbalance in calcium and phosphorus leads to structural deformities in animals as well as eggshell quality in?
egg-laying hens
45
Several ? are associated with calcium phosphorus deficiency, imbalance, or excess in food-producing animals.
bone growth disorders
46
is a condition occurring in young growing animals due to normal growth in the organic matrix but insufficient mineralization
Rickets
47
occurs in adult animals with a Ca-deficient diet.
Osteomalacia
48
Excessive loss of Ca from bone causes?
brittle, demineralized bones
49
is the result of a loss of both mineralization and the organic matrix of bone
Osteoporosis
50
In both ?, bones become soft and often deformed due to improper calcification.
rickets and osteomalacia
51
In fast-growing animals, such as ?, where skeletal mineral turnover is rapid, Ca deficiency may produce profound changes
chickens and pigs
52
In large animals, such as ?, it takes a longer time to show CA deficiency symptoms
cows and sheep
53
Lameness, leg weakness, abnormal gait, and spontaneous fractures may accompany?
osteomalacia
54
A reduction in ? occurs in all cases of Ca deficiency or Ca-P imbalance.
bone ash content
55
Severe Ca deficiency may produce ?, which causes tetany and convulsions
hypocalcemia
56
Severe Ca deficiency may produce hypocalcemia, which causes?
tetany and convulsions
57
in dairy cows is a classic example of hypocalcemia and Ca tetany
Milk fever, or parturient paresis
58
The animal’s body temperature drops, it shows signs of ?, and it eventually collapses with head bent over the flank.
tetany
59
Treatment for CA tenaty is aimed at increasing blood Ca through an intravenous supply of?
Ca salts such as CaCl2, Ca-lactate, or Ca-gluconate
60
A high-dose ? should be given five days before calving to enhance Ca absorption
vitamin D injection
61
It always happens in high-producing dairy cows within the first 24 hours after calving because of the high Ca demand of lactation coupled with hormonal insufficiency
Milk fever
62
Under normal conditions, what are utilized to meet the high demand for milk Ca
bone Ca minerals
63
Under normal conditions, bone Ca minerals are utilized to meet the high demand for?
milk Ca
64
However, mobilization of bone minerals is under hormonal control, especially by?
Parathyroid hormone
65
A good management practice is providing a low Ca diet at least 14 days before calving to ? so that when lactation begins, Ca mobilization from bones increases due to increased PTH secretion
“prime” or stimulate endocrine activity
66
Cows with milk fever usually recover rapidly following intravenous administration of?
Ca
67
Providing a ? diet during the dry period in cows is recommended to minimize the incidence of milk fever in dairy cows
low Ca
68
Providing a low Ca diet during the dry period in cows is recommended to minimize the incidence of ? in dairy cows
milk fever
69
Similar to milk fever, this often happens to high-producing young hens during the peak egg production phase (>35 week of age)
cage layer fatigue
70
Egg laying demands a high supply of Ca for?
eggshell formation
71
Lack of enough Ca leads to increase mobilization from bones leading to?
leg weakness
72
may show reluctance to move, may move to a corner of the cage, or may produce deformed or soft-shelled eggs
Affected birds
73
The Ca requirements of egg laying hens are much higher than other animals, and the hens should be provided a minimum of ? for egg production
3.3 g of Ca/day
74
Use of ? that enhances retention in the gut are highly recommended in hen diets
Ca sources and larger particle size
75
is also one of the major welfare issues in older hens after the laying cycle; this leads to broken bones and leg weakness.
Hen osteoporosis
76
is the common situation in animals fed grain-based diets and low-quality hay or in pets fed homemade meat-based diets
Excess P and low Ca
77
occur in young horses fed high-energy diets and in large breeds of dogs fed extra Ca–supplemented diets
Developmental bone-related disorders
78
Similar cases related to ? has been reported in large cats (tigers, cheetahs) kept in a zoo when fed meat-only diets compared with the meat and bone diets they consume in the wild
Ca-P imbalance
79
A low ratio of ? leads to high level of P and low Ca in the blood.
Ca-P
80
A low ratio of Ca-P leads to high level of P and low Ca in the blood. Such a situation causes PTH to increase its secretion, stimulating?
urinary P excretion and mobilization of Ca from bone
81
A low ratio of Ca-P leads to high level of P and low Ca in the blood. Such a situation causes ? to increase its secretion, stimulating urinary P excretion and mobilization of Ca from bone
PTH
82
In chronic cases, prolonged dietary imbalance leads to?
nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism
83
In many tropical areas of the world, soil is deficient in?
P
84
In many tropical areas of the world, soil is deficient in P, and animals grazing in such places often develop a depraved appetite and abnormal chewing and eating behaviors, which is termed?
pica
85
interferes with P digestion and absorption
High fluoride
86
What can be contaminated with fluorine gas from industrial sources will precipitate P deficiency in animals.
Pastures
87
Dietary ? ratio should be 1:1 to 2:1 for optimum bone health.
Ca:P
88
is the third most abundant element in the body, is present in the body as phosphates, and carbonates in bone and in liver and skeletal muscle cells.
Magnesium
89
In the skeletal system, it is involved providing structural roles, while in the cells, it is required to activate several enzymes that split and transfer phosphatases
Mg
90
As a cation in the intracellular fluid, it is involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates and proteins
Mg
91
Along with Ca, sodium, and potassium, it plays an important role in muscle contraction and transmission of nerve impulses
Mg
92
is absorbed mostly from the ileum
Dietary Mg
93
Dietary Mg is absorbed mostly from the?
ileum
94
What vitamin does not affect Mg absorption?
Vitamin D
95
No carrier is needed for what absorption
Mg absorption
96
increases the release of Mg from bone
PTH
97
is associated with increases in urinary excretion and reduced serum Mg
Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism
98
is widespread in food sources
Magnesium
99
A common problem of grazing livestock is called?
grass tetany
100
grass tetany is also known as?
“wheat grass poisoning.”
101
It occurs most frequently in livestock that feeds on lush green pastures of cereal forages or native pastures in the spring season
grass tetany
102
binds to Mg and leads to Mg deficiency.
Trans aconitate
103
The symptoms include muscle tetany, head retraction, staggering, convulsion, and extreme sensitivity to noise or touch
Mg deficiency
104
Both ? inhibit Mg absorption
nitrogen and potassium
105
Both nitrogen and potassium inhibit?
Mg absorption
106
High levels of N and K are usually present in?
lush fertilized pastures
107
High levels of ? are usually present in lush fertilized pastures
N and K
108
livestock grazed on fertilized pastures are more susceptible to?
grass tetany
109
is the most common Mg deficiency in grazing animals.
Grass tetany
110
serves as a structural component of skin, hair, wool, feather, cartilage, and connective tissue
Sulfur (S)
111
is required by the body mainly as a component of S-containing organic compounds
Sulfur
112
Sulfur is also an integral part of three amino acids:
methionine, cysteine, and cystine.
113
The largest portion of S in the body is found within?
S-containing amino acids
114
is generally recommended in the diets of birds during rapid feather growth as well as in the diets of sheep for wool growth
high-S-containing amino acid
115
Sulfur is also found in enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase, which functions as an?
antioxidant
116
Sulfur is also found in enzymes such as ? , which functions as an antioxidant
glutathione peroxidase
117
S is a component of two B vitamins: ? , involved in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism
thiamin and biotin
118
As a component of coenzyme A, it is important in energy metabolism too
S
119
Reduced feather and wool growth and weight gain can occur due to?
S deficiency
120
What type of sulfur is very poorly absorbed from a diet
Inorganic S
121
S requirement can be met with organic S found in?
S-containing amino acids
122
In sheep, ? may help in microbial protein synthesis and weight gain when nonprotein nitrogen is included in the diet.
S supplementation
123
Because intestinal absorption is very low, it is not a practical problem.
S toxicity
124
are electrically charged, dissolved substances; the animal body is kept electrically neutral
Electrolytes
125
is determined by the difference between total anion and cation intake and excretion
Acid-base balance
126
are discussed together because these three minerals are electrolytes and help in creating an ionic balance and in keeping cells alive
sodium (Na), potassium (K), and chlorine (Cl)
127
The electrolytes play a vital role in maintaining the acid-base balance (pH maintenance in the blood and tissue), cell membrane signal transductions, and osmotic pressure in intra- and extracellular fluids
sodium (Na), potassium (K), and chlorine (Cl)
128
they cannot be stored and need to be supplied in the diet daily
sodium (Na), potassium (K), and chlorine (Cl)
129
is added to the diets of all animals and is given free choice to grazing animals.
Common salt (NaCl)
130
is also used as a vehicle to deliver other trace elements such as iodized salt or trace-mineralized sal
Salt
131
In pigs and poultry diets, the addition of what percentage of salt is standard practice
0.3% to 0.5%
132
is the main extracellular cation found outside the cells (extracellular) and blood
Sodium (Na+)
133
functions in conjunction with other ions to maintain cell permeability in the active transport of nutrients across membranes
Sodium
134
controls electrolyte balance and is a major part of the basal metabolic rate in the body
sodium pump (Na-pump)
135
is also required for muscle contraction and nerve impulse transmission
Sodium
136
Sodium is included in animal diets as?
sodium chloride (NaCl)
137
is the major cation found in greater concentrations within the cells (intracellular fluid).
Potassium (K)
138
This electrolytes within the cells provides osmotic force, which maintains fluid volume
Ionized K
139
Ionized K within the cells provides ?, which maintains fluid volume
osmotic force
140
is also involved in several enzymatic reactions.
Cellular potassium
141
Maintaining ? is important for the normal functioning of the heart muscle
potassium balance
142
is the negatively charged anion that counterbalance the role of positively charged cations (K and Na).
Chloride
143
accounts for two-thirds of anion present in extracellular fluid involved in regulating osmotic pressure.
Chlorine (Cl)
144
Chlorine is also necessary for the formation of ?, which is needed for the activation of gastric enzymes and initiation of protein digestion in the stomach.
hydrochloric acid
145
is also necessary for the formation of hydrochloric acid, which is needed for the activation of gastric enzymes and initiation of protein digestion in the stomach
Chlorine
146
is supplied through NaCl in the animal diet
Chloride
147
Usually, these three elements are fairly abundant in normal diets and deficiency is rare.
sodium (Na), potassium (K), and chlorine (Cl) deficiency
148
What organ normally regulate the excretion of electrolytes
kidneys
149
kidneys normally regulate the excretion of?
electrolytes
150
Alterations in acid-base balance can lead to ? in animals affecting animal health and productivity.
acidosis or alkalosis
151
Under most circumstances, dietary electrolyte balance is expressed as?
Na+K-Cl (meq/kg)
152
For poultry, the optimal balance meq/kg is?
250 meq/kg
153
For poultry, the optimal balance is 250 meq/kg, and for pigs, it should be in the range of?
100–200 meq/kg dry matter (DM)
154
Dietary electrolyte imbalance has been associated with leg abnormalities, such as?
tibial dyschondroplasia (slipped tendon)
155
is important in maintaining skeletal health and growth in pigs and poultry.
Electrolyte balance
156
In ruminant animals, it is important in preventing acidosis and alkalosis
electrolyte balance
157
In ruminant animals, electrolyte balance is important in preventing?
acidosis and alkalosis
158
It is usually adopted in dairy cattle feeding to reduce the incidence of milk fever
Dietary cation-anion difference
159
Dietary cation-anion difference is usually adopted in dairy cattle feeding to reduce the incidence of?
milk fever
160
may increase the incidence of milk fever in dairy cattle
Prepartum alkalosis
161
Prepartum alkalosis may increase the incidence of milk fever in dairy cattle, whereas ? may prevent it
acidosis
162
Prepartum diets high in ? are also rich in K and could reduce the ability of the cow to maintain Ca homeostasis and could cause milk fever.
forages
163
Prepartum diets high in forages are also rich in K and could reduce the ability of the cow to maintain 1. ? and could cause 2. ?
1. Ca homeostasis
2. Milk fever
164
Diets that reduce ? can cause blood Ca to increase and reduce the milk fever.
blood pH
165
This diet increase the incidence of milk fever
Alkaline diets
166
This diet prevent milk fever
acidic diets
167
What are the 7 minerals?
- calcium
- phosphorus
- magnesium
- sulfur
- sodium
- chlorine
- potassium
168
Calcium function:
- blood coagulation
- nerve impulse and cell permeability maintenance
- activation of certain enzymes
- muscle contraction, or serving as activators of ion channels
