Minerals Flashcards
are inorganic elements that are essential for the animal body’s physiological functions and metabolic processes.
Minerals
The mineral matter constitutes about ? of the animal body’s weight, and their presence is essential for maintaining life and animal health.
4%
are more integrally a part of all biological functions in the body than any other single class of nutrient
Minerals
Scientific literature lists how many essential minerals?
21
Minerals are classified into two groups—
macro and micro (trace) minerals
are those minerals that occur in appreciable amounts in the animal body and are required in large quantities in the diet (> 0.01%)
Macrominerals
include calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sulfur, and electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride)
Macrominerals
Minerals do not provide?
energy
are needed in minute quantities in the diet
Minerals
are required in trace amounts (< 0.01%), in milligrams, micrograms, or parts per million
Microminerals
discussed include manganese, zinc, iron, copper, selenium, iodine, cobalt molybdenum, and chromium
Microminerals
cannot be added to a diet in their elemental forms but rather need to be added as salts that are combined with other minerals (NaCl, CaCO3, MnSO4, etc.)
Minerals
Both ? function as structural components in the animal body.
calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P)
Approximately what percentage of the Ca and of the P in the animal body occur in bones and teeth as a compound called hydroxyapatite.
99% and 80%
Approximately 99% of the Ca and 80% of the P in the animal body occur in ? as a compound called hydroxyapatite.
bones and teeth
Approximately 99% of the Ca and 80% of the P in the animal body occur in bones and teeth as a compound called?
hydroxyapatite
The other 1% of Ca is distributed in ?, where they are involved in different metabolic and physiologic activities such as blood coagulation, nerve impulse and cell permeability maintenance, activation of certain enzymes, muscle contraction, or serving as activators of ion channels.
cellular fluids
that is found in the soft tissues of the body is involved in important phosphorylation reactions that are part of cellular oxidative pathways for energy metabolism
phosphorus
is a component of the central compound in energy metabolism, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is a phosphorylated compound
phosphorus
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) contains?
phosphorylated pentose sugars
is also part of cell membrane phospholipids that are involved in maintaining cellular fluidity and transport of nutrients into cells.
Phosphorus
are rich in phosphorus
Cereal grains
P in cereal grains are present in the bound form as?
phytate or phytic acid
They lack the enzyme phytase to release them from the bound form and the term available
Monogastric animals
Monogastric animals lack what enzyme to release them from the bound form and the term available?
enzyme phytase
They produce microbial phytase enzyme that can split and liberate P.
Ruminant animals
Ruminant animals produce ? that can split and liberate P.
microbial phytase enzyme
The body has a strictly controlled physiological regulation called ? —that is, maintenance of a steady state of circulating blood plasma calcium
homeostasis
The body has a strictly controlled physiological regulation called homeostasis—that is, maintenance of a steady state of?
circulating blood plasma calcium
When blood Ca is low (hypocalcemia), what is released from the parathyroid gland, which leads to increased Ca and P resorption from bone, increased P excretion into urine, and increased synthesis of active forms of vitamin D in the kidneys; this in turn is due to an increase in absorption of dietary Ca from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
In conjunction with PTH, what vitamin also enhances the mobilization of Ca from bone by increasing the activity of osteoclasts?
vitamin D
In conjunction with PTH, vitamin D also enhances the mobilization of Ca from bone by increasing the activity of?
osteoclasts
When blood Ca is high (hypercalcemia), another hormone called ? is released by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland.
calcitonin
reverses PTH functions to lower blood Ca level to normal by decreasing calcium mobilization from bones.
Calcitonin
are the most important regulators of blood calcium homeostasis
Parathyroid hormones and active-form vitamin D
Excess dietary Ca forms insoluble complexes with phosphorus, resulting in decreased?
P absorption
High ? in the diet can inhibit Ca absorption
High P or phytate P
are rich in P, but most of it is in the bound form as phytate P
Cereal grains
Cereal grains are rich in P, but most of it is in the bound form as?
phytate P
The recommended ratio of Ca:P is ? in (small animals)
1:1
The recommended ratio of Ca:P is 1:1 (small animals) to (large animals) is?
2:1
Feeding diets with improper ratio of Ca:P or supplementing feeds with high levels of one of these minerals can lead to?
calcium phosphorus imbalance
serves as the storehouse of minerals, especially calcium and phosphorus.
Bone
Thus imbalance in calcium and phosphorus leads to structural deformities in animals as well as eggshell quality in?
egg-laying hens
Several ? are associated with calcium phosphorus deficiency, imbalance, or excess in food-producing animals.
bone growth disorders
is a condition occurring in young growing animals due to normal growth in the organic matrix but insufficient mineralization
Rickets
occurs in adult animals with a Ca-deficient diet.
Osteomalacia
Excessive loss of Ca from bone causes?
brittle, demineralized bones
is the result of a loss of both mineralization and the organic matrix of bone
Osteoporosis
In both ?, bones become soft and often deformed due to improper calcification.
rickets and osteomalacia
In fast-growing animals, such as ?, where skeletal mineral turnover is rapid, Ca deficiency may produce profound changes
chickens and pigs
In large animals, such as ?, it takes a longer time to show CA deficiency symptoms
cows and sheep
Lameness, leg weakness, abnormal gait, and spontaneous fractures may accompany?
osteomalacia
A reduction in ? occurs in all cases of Ca deficiency or Ca-P imbalance.
bone ash content
Severe Ca deficiency may produce ?, which causes tetany and convulsions
hypocalcemia
Severe Ca deficiency may produce hypocalcemia, which causes?
tetany and convulsions
in dairy cows is a classic example of hypocalcemia and Ca tetany
Milk fever, or parturient paresis
The animal’s body temperature drops, it shows signs of ?, and it eventually collapses with head bent over the flank.
tetany
Treatment for CA tenaty is aimed at increasing blood Ca through an intravenous supply of?
Ca salts such as CaCl2, Ca-lactate, or Ca-gluconate
A high-dose ? should be given five days before calving to enhance Ca absorption
vitamin D injection
It always happens in high-producing dairy cows within the first 24 hours after calving because of the high Ca demand of lactation coupled with hormonal insufficiency
Milk fever
Under normal conditions, what are utilized to meet the high demand for milk Ca
bone Ca minerals
Under normal conditions, bone Ca minerals are utilized to meet the high demand for?
milk Ca
However, mobilization of bone minerals is under hormonal control, especially by?
Parathyroid hormone
A good management practice is providing a low Ca diet at least 14 days before calving to ? so that when lactation begins, Ca mobilization from bones increases due to increased PTH secretion
“prime” or stimulate endocrine activity
Cows with milk fever usually recover rapidly following intravenous administration of?
Ca
Providing a ? diet during the dry period in cows is recommended to minimize the incidence of milk fever in dairy cows
low Ca
Providing a low Ca diet during the dry period in cows is recommended to minimize the incidence of ? in dairy cows
milk fever
Similar to milk fever, this often happens to high-producing young hens during the peak egg production phase (>35 week of age)
cage layer fatigue
Egg laying demands a high supply of Ca for?
eggshell formation
Lack of enough Ca leads to increase mobilization from bones leading to?
leg weakness
may show reluctance to move, may move to a corner of the cage, or may produce deformed or soft-shelled eggs
Affected birds
The Ca requirements of egg laying hens are much higher than other animals, and the hens should be provided a minimum of ? for egg production
3.3 g of Ca/day
Use of ? that enhances retention in the gut are highly recommended in hen diets
Ca sources and larger particle size
is also one of the major welfare issues in older hens after the laying cycle; this leads to broken bones and leg weakness.
Hen osteoporosis
is the common situation in animals fed grain-based diets and low-quality hay or in pets fed homemade meat-based diets
Excess P and low Ca
occur in young horses fed high-energy diets and in large breeds of dogs fed extra Ca–supplemented diets
Developmental bone-related disorders
Similar cases related to ? has been reported in large cats (tigers, cheetahs) kept in a zoo when fed meat-only diets compared with the meat and bone diets they consume in the wild
Ca-P imbalance
A low ratio of ? leads to high level of P and low Ca in the blood.
Ca-P
A low ratio of Ca-P leads to high level of P and low Ca in the blood. Such a situation causes PTH to increase its secretion, stimulating?
urinary P excretion and mobilization of Ca from bone
A low ratio of Ca-P leads to high level of P and low Ca in the blood. Such a situation causes ? to increase its secretion, stimulating urinary P excretion and mobilization of Ca from bone
PTH
In chronic cases, prolonged dietary imbalance leads to?
nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism
In many tropical areas of the world, soil is deficient in?
P
In many tropical areas of the world, soil is deficient in P, and animals grazing in such places often develop a depraved appetite and abnormal chewing and eating behaviors, which is termed?
pica
interferes with P digestion and absorption
High fluoride
What can be contaminated with fluorine gas from industrial sources will precipitate P deficiency in animals.
Pastures
Dietary ? ratio should be 1:1 to 2:1 for optimum bone health.
Ca:P
is the third most abundant element in the body, is present in the body as phosphates, and carbonates in bone and in liver and skeletal muscle cells.
Magnesium
In the skeletal system, it is involved providing structural roles, while in the cells, it is required to activate several enzymes that split and transfer phosphatases
Mg
As a cation in the intracellular fluid, it is involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates and proteins
Mg
Along with Ca, sodium, and potassium, it plays an important role in muscle contraction and transmission of nerve impulses
Mg
is absorbed mostly from the ileum
Dietary Mg
Dietary Mg is absorbed mostly from the?
ileum
What vitamin does not affect Mg absorption?
Vitamin D
No carrier is needed for what absorption
Mg absorption
increases the release of Mg from bone
PTH
is associated with increases in urinary excretion and reduced serum Mg
Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism
is widespread in food sources
Magnesium
A common problem of grazing livestock is called?
grass tetany
grass tetany is also known as?
“wheat grass poisoning.”
It occurs most frequently in livestock that feeds on lush green pastures of cereal forages or native pastures in the spring season
grass tetany
binds to Mg and leads to Mg deficiency.
Trans aconitate
The symptoms include muscle tetany, head retraction, staggering, convulsion, and extreme sensitivity to noise or touch
Mg deficiency
Both ? inhibit Mg absorption
nitrogen and potassium
Both nitrogen and potassium inhibit?
Mg absorption
High levels of N and K are usually present in?
lush fertilized pastures
High levels of ? are usually present in lush fertilized pastures
N and K
livestock grazed on fertilized pastures are more susceptible to?
grass tetany
is the most common Mg deficiency in grazing animals.
Grass tetany
serves as a structural component of skin, hair, wool, feather, cartilage, and connective tissue
Sulfur (S)
is required by the body mainly as a component of S-containing organic compounds
Sulfur
Sulfur is also an integral part of three amino acids:
methionine, cysteine, and cystine.
The largest portion of S in the body is found within?
S-containing amino acids
is generally recommended in the diets of birds during rapid feather growth as well as in the diets of sheep for wool growth
high-S-containing amino acid
Sulfur is also found in enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase, which functions as an?
antioxidant
Sulfur is also found in enzymes such as ? , which functions as an antioxidant
glutathione peroxidase
S is a component of two B vitamins: ? , involved in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism
thiamin and biotin
As a component of coenzyme A, it is important in energy metabolism too
S
Reduced feather and wool growth and weight gain can occur due to?
S deficiency
What type of sulfur is very poorly absorbed from a diet
Inorganic S
S requirement can be met with organic S found in?
S-containing amino acids
In sheep, ? may help in microbial protein synthesis and weight gain when nonprotein nitrogen is included in the diet.
S supplementation
Because intestinal absorption is very low, it is not a practical problem.
S toxicity
are electrically charged, dissolved substances; the animal body is kept electrically neutral
Electrolytes
is determined by the difference between total anion and cation intake and excretion
Acid-base balance
are discussed together because these three minerals are electrolytes and help in creating an ionic balance and in keeping cells alive
sodium (Na), potassium (K), and chlorine (Cl)
The electrolytes play a vital role in maintaining the acid-base balance (pH maintenance in the blood and tissue), cell membrane signal transductions, and osmotic pressure in intra- and extracellular fluids
sodium (Na), potassium (K), and chlorine (Cl)
they cannot be stored and need to be supplied in the diet daily
sodium (Na), potassium (K), and chlorine (Cl)
is added to the diets of all animals and is given free choice to grazing animals.
Common salt (NaCl)
is also used as a vehicle to deliver other trace elements such as iodized salt or trace-mineralized sal
Salt
In pigs and poultry diets, the addition of what percentage of salt is standard practice
0.3% to 0.5%
is the main extracellular cation found outside the cells (extracellular) and blood
Sodium (Na+)
functions in conjunction with other ions to maintain cell permeability in the active transport of nutrients across membranes
Sodium
controls electrolyte balance and is a major part of the basal metabolic rate in the body
sodium pump (Na-pump)
is also required for muscle contraction and nerve impulse transmission
Sodium
Sodium is included in animal diets as?
sodium chloride (NaCl)
is the major cation found in greater concentrations within the cells (intracellular fluid).
Potassium (K)
This electrolytes within the cells provides osmotic force, which maintains fluid volume
Ionized K
Ionized K within the cells provides ?, which maintains fluid volume
osmotic force
is also involved in several enzymatic reactions.
Cellular potassium
Maintaining ? is important for the normal functioning of the heart muscle
potassium balance
is the negatively charged anion that counterbalance the role of positively charged cations (K and Na).
Chloride
accounts for two-thirds of anion present in extracellular fluid involved in regulating osmotic pressure.
Chlorine (Cl)
Chlorine is also necessary for the formation of ?, which is needed for the activation of gastric enzymes and initiation of protein digestion in the stomach.
hydrochloric acid
is also necessary for the formation of hydrochloric acid, which is needed for the activation of gastric enzymes and initiation of protein digestion in the stomach
Chlorine
is supplied through NaCl in the animal diet
Chloride
Usually, these three elements are fairly abundant in normal diets and deficiency is rare.
sodium (Na), potassium (K), and chlorine (Cl) deficiency
What organ normally regulate the excretion of electrolytes
kidneys
kidneys normally regulate the excretion of?
electrolytes
Alterations in acid-base balance can lead to ? in animals affecting animal health and productivity.
acidosis or alkalosis
Under most circumstances, dietary electrolyte balance is expressed as?
Na+K-Cl (meq/kg)
For poultry, the optimal balance meq/kg is?
250 meq/kg
For poultry, the optimal balance is 250 meq/kg, and for pigs, it should be in the range of?
100–200 meq/kg dry matter (DM)
Dietary electrolyte imbalance has been associated with leg abnormalities, such as?
tibial dyschondroplasia (slipped tendon)
is important in maintaining skeletal health and growth in pigs and poultry.
Electrolyte balance
In ruminant animals, it is important in preventing acidosis and alkalosis
electrolyte balance
In ruminant animals, electrolyte balance is important in preventing?
acidosis and alkalosis
It is usually adopted in dairy cattle feeding to reduce the incidence of milk fever
Dietary cation-anion difference
Dietary cation-anion difference is usually adopted in dairy cattle feeding to reduce the incidence of?
milk fever
may increase the incidence of milk fever in dairy cattle
Prepartum alkalosis
Prepartum alkalosis may increase the incidence of milk fever in dairy cattle, whereas ? may prevent it
acidosis
Prepartum diets high in ? are also rich in K and could reduce the ability of the cow to maintain Ca homeostasis and could cause milk fever.
forages
Prepartum diets high in forages are also rich in K and could reduce the ability of the cow to maintain 1. ? and could cause 2. ?
- Ca homeostasis
- Milk fever
Diets that reduce ? can cause blood Ca to increase and reduce the milk fever.
blood pH
This diet increase the incidence of milk fever
Alkaline diets
This diet prevent milk fever
acidic diets
What are the 7 minerals?
- calcium
- phosphorus
- magnesium
- sulfur
- sodium
- chlorine
- potassium
Calcium function:
- blood coagulation
- nerve impulse and cell permeability maintenance
- activation of certain enzymes
- muscle contraction, or serving as activators of ion channels
