Macro & Micro Flashcards
Are inorganic elements that essential for the animal body’s physiological functions and metabolic Processes
Minerals
Are those minerals that occur in appreciable amounts in the animal body and are required in large quantities in the diet (0.01%)
Macrominerals
Are required in trace amounts (<0.01%), in milligrams, micrograms, or parts per million
Microminerals
is also part of cell membrane phospholipids that are involved in maintaining cellular fluidity and transport of nutrients into cells
Phosphorus
functions to lower blood Ca level to normal by decreasing calcium mobilization from bones
Calcitonin Reverses PTH
A condition occurring in young growing animals due to normal growth in the organic matrix but insufficient mineralization
Rickets
The result of a loss of both mineralization and the organic matrix of bone
Osteoporosis
A classic example of hypocalcemia and Ca tetany in dairy cows
Milk fever or parturient paresis
The third most abundant element in the body, is present in the body as phosphates, and carbonates in bone and in liver and skeletal muscle cells
Magnesium
It occurs most frequently in livestock that feeds on lush green pastures of cereal forages or native pastures in the spring season. It most frequently occurs on wheat grass pastures
Grass tetany or Wheat grass poisoning
Serves as a structural component of skin, hair, wool, feather, cartilage, and connective tissue and required by the body mainly as a component of S-containing organic compounds
Sulfur
Play a vital role in maintaining the acid-base balance (maintenance in the blood and tissue), cell membrane signal transductions, and osmotic pressure in intra and extracellular fluids
Electrolytes
The main extracellular cation found outside the cells (extracellular) and blood
Sodium (Na+)
Controls electrolyte balance and is a major part of the basal metabolic rate in the body
Sodium pump (Na-pump)
The major cation found in greater concentrations within the cells (intracellular fluid)
Potassium (K)
The negatively charged anion that counterbalance the role of positively charged cations (K and Na)
Chloride
is essential for the maintenance and production of the mucopolysaccharide of the organic matrix of the bone
Manganese
is a component of insulin and in this way functions with carbohydrate metabolism, also required for retinal binding protein synthesis and is important for T-call function in immunity and reproductive functioning
Zinc (Zn)
is a complex protein present in red blood cells consisting of a haem group (porphyrin) containing ferrous Fe2+) iron and a protein (globin)
Hemoglobin
A component antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase, responsible for destroying free radicals and preventing membrane damage and cell death
Copper
A component of glutathione peroxidase, an enzyme that deactivates lipid peroxides that are formed during lipid oxidation, also involved in thyroid gland functions as deiodinase that converts the thyroid hormone thyroxine to its metabolically active form, triiodothyronine
Selenium (Se)
This condition could occur in animals eating 1-deficient forages or those feeds containing goitrogens (substances that interfere with the iodination process in thyroxin synthesis)
Goiter
A component of glutathione peroxidase, an enzyme for the removal of lipid peroxides, also a component of two other selenoproteins
Selenium
Only function is constituent of thyroxin, a thyroid gland hormone that regulates the basal metabolic rate
Iodine
secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, enhances its uptake by the thyroid gland
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSHI)
A cofactor of xanthine oxidase and nitrogenase, also used as fertilizer on pasture.
Molybdenum (Mo)
Is shown to have effects on glucose metabolism and fat synthesis. It is used as a feed additive to reduce carcass fat in swine and to enhance immunity and reduce respiratory disease in cattle
Chromuim
Piglet anemia is the most common form of anemia in baby pigs and is due to the lack of this mineral
Iron (Fe)
Necessary for the formation of hydrochloric acid, which is needed for the activation of gastric enzymes and initiation of protein digestion in the stomach
Chlorine
It is involved in the skeletal system providing structural roles, while in the cells it is required to activate several Enzymes that spilt and transfer phosphatases
Magnesium (Mg)
in dairy cows is a classic example of hypocalcemia and Ca tetany
Milk fever or parturient paresis
What are the 7 macrominerals?
- calcium
- phosphorus
- magnesium
- sulfur
- sodium
- chlorine
- potassium
Calcium function:
- blood coagulation
- nerve impulse
- cell permeability maintenance
- activation of certain enzymes
- muscle contraction
- serving as activators of ion channels
What are the 8 microminerals:
- manganese
- zinc
- iron
- copper
- selenium
- molybdenum
- iodine
- cobalt
