Macro & Micro

Question 1

Are inorganic elements that essential for the animal body’s physiological functions and metabolic Processes

Answer 1

Minerals

Question 2

Are those minerals that occur in appreciable amounts in the animal body and are required in large quantities in the diet (0.01%)

Answer 2

Macrominerals

Question 3

Are required in trace amounts (<0.01%), in milligrams, micrograms, or parts per million

Answer 3

Microminerals

Question 4

is also part of cell membrane phospholipids that are involved in maintaining cellular fluidity and transport of nutrients into cells

Answer 4

Phosphorus

Question 5

functions to lower blood Ca level to normal by decreasing calcium mobilization from bones

Answer 5

Calcitonin Reverses PTH

Question 6

A condition occurring in young growing animals due to normal growth in the organic matrix but insufficient mineralization

Answer 6

Rickets

Question 7

The result of a loss of both mineralization and the organic matrix of bone

Answer 7

Osteoporosis

Question 8

A classic example of hypocalcemia and Ca tetany in dairy cows

Answer 8

Milk fever or parturient paresis

Question 9

The third most abundant element in the body, is present in the body as phosphates, and carbonates in bone and in liver and skeletal muscle cells

Answer 9

Magnesium

Question 10

It occurs most frequently in livestock that feeds on lush green pastures of cereal forages or native pastures in the spring season. It most frequently occurs on wheat grass pastures

Answer 10

Grass tetany or Wheat grass poisoning

Question 11

Serves as a structural component of skin, hair, wool, feather, cartilage, and connective tissue and required by the body mainly as a component of S-containing organic compounds

Answer 11

Sulfur

Question 12

Play a vital role in maintaining the acid-base balance (maintenance in the blood and tissue), cell membrane signal transductions, and osmotic pressure in intra and extracellular fluids

Answer 12

Electrolytes

Question 13

The main extracellular cation found outside the cells (extracellular) and blood

Answer 13

Sodium (Na+)

Question 14

Controls electrolyte balance and is a major part of the basal metabolic rate in the body

Answer 14

Sodium pump (Na-pump)

Question 15

The major cation found in greater concentrations within the cells (intracellular fluid)

Answer 15

Potassium (K)

Question 16

The negatively charged anion that counterbalance the role of positively charged cations (K and Na)

Answer 16

Chloride

Question 17

is essential for the maintenance and production of the mucopolysaccharide of the organic matrix of the bone

Answer 17

Manganese

Question 18

is a component of insulin and in this way functions with carbohydrate metabolism, also required for retinal binding protein synthesis and is important for T-call function in immunity and reproductive functioning

Answer 18

Zinc (Zn)

Question 19

is a complex protein present in red blood cells consisting of a haem group (porphyrin) containing ferrous Fe2+) iron and a protein (globin)

Answer 19

Hemoglobin

Question 20

A component antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase, responsible for destroying free radicals and preventing membrane damage and cell death

Answer 20

Copper

Question 21

A component of glutathione peroxidase, an enzyme that deactivates lipid peroxides that are formed during lipid oxidation, also involved in thyroid gland functions as deiodinase that converts the thyroid hormone thyroxine to its metabolically active form, triiodothyronine

Answer 21

Selenium (Se)

Question 22

This condition could occur in animals eating 1-deficient forages or those feeds containing goitrogens (substances that interfere with the iodination process in thyroxin synthesis)

Answer 22

Goiter

Question 23

A component of glutathione peroxidase, an enzyme for the removal of lipid peroxides, also a component of two other selenoproteins

Answer 23

Selenium

Question 24

Only function is constituent of thyroxin, a thyroid gland hormone that regulates the basal metabolic rate

Answer 24

Iodine

Question 25

secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, enhances its uptake by the thyroid gland

Answer 25

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSHI)

Question 26

A cofactor of xanthine oxidase and nitrogenase, also used as fertilizer on pasture.

Answer 26

Molybdenum (Mo)

Question 27

Is shown to have effects on glucose metabolism and fat synthesis. It is used as a feed additive to reduce carcass fat in swine and to enhance immunity and reduce respiratory disease in cattle

Answer 27

Chromuim

Question 28

Piglet anemia is the most common form of anemia in baby pigs and is due to the lack of this mineral

Answer 28

Iron (Fe)

Question 29

Necessary for the formation of hydrochloric acid, which is needed for the activation of gastric enzymes and initiation of protein digestion in the stomach

Answer 29

Chlorine

Question 30

It is involved in the skeletal system providing structural roles, while in the cells it is required to activate several Enzymes that spilt and transfer phosphatases

Answer 30

Magnesium (Mg)

Question 31

in dairy cows is a classic example of hypocalcemia and Ca tetany

Answer 31

Milk fever or parturient paresis

Question 32

What are the 7 macrominerals?

Answer 32

• calcium
• phosphorus
• magnesium
• sulfur
• sodium
• chlorine
• potassium

Question 33

Calcium function:

Answer 33

• blood coagulation
• nerve impulse
• cell permeability maintenance
• activation of certain enzymes
• muscle contraction
• serving as activators of ion channels

Question 34

What are the 8 microminerals:

Answer 34

• manganese
• zinc
• iron
• copper
• selenium
• molybdenum
• iodine
• cobalt