Vitamins

Question 1

Fat soluble vs water soluble vitamins

Answer 1

Fat soluble: A, D, E, K
Water soluble: C, B family

Question 2

What vitamins are typically supplemented to ruminants?

Answer 2

Vitamins A, D, and E

Question 3

Under what conditions would mature ruminants need to be supplemented with water soluble vitamins?

Answer 3

1. Deficiencies because normal function of rumen inhibited
2. High producing dairy cows

Question 4

What factors influence vitamin stability?

Answer 4

1. Heat
2. Oxygen
3. Light
4. Humidity
5. pH

Question 5

Absorption, transport, and storage of fat soluble vitamins

Answer 5

1. vitamins aggregate into lipid globules in lumen
2. dispersed by bile acids
3. incorporated into micelles
4. absorbed into intestinal mucosal cells
5. transported in blood
6. stored in liver

Question 6

What vitamin is central to the problem of moldy sweet clover hay? What compound decreases its availability?

Answer 6

moldy sweet clover produces dicoumarol which is anti-vitamin K

Question 7

Function of Vitamin A

Answer 7

1. required for night vision
2. maintain healthy immune system
3. regulate gene transcription

Question 8

Precursor of Vitamin A

Answer 8

beta carotene in plants

Question 9

Vitamin A deficiency

Answer 9

1. night blindness
2. reduced feed intake
3. rough hair coat
4. abortion

Question 10

Describe how vitamin D is derived from sunlight?

Answer 10

UV rays convert 7-dehydrocholesterol into cholecalciferol in the skin. Goes to the liver and then the kidney to make the active form.

Question 11

What are the 3 forms of vitamin D? Which one is the active form?

Answer 11

Precursors:
Ergocalciferol
Cholecalciferol

Active:
1,25 - dihydroxyvitamin D-3

Question 12

Vitamin D function

Answer 12

1. Absorb, mobilize from bone, and regulate blood Ca and P
2. Immune cell function
3. Reproduction

Question 13

Vitamin D deficiency

Answer 13

1. rickets in calves
2. osteomalacia in mature animals
3. weak bones

Question 14

Vitamin D toxicity

Answer 14

1. calcification of soft tissues
2. loss of appetite
3. weight loss

Question 15

Vitamin E precursor

Answer 15

alpha tocopherol

Question 16

Vitamin E function

Answer 16

1. antioxidant
2. affect uptake and storage of vitamin A
3. reproduction

Question 17

Vitamin E deficiency

Answer 17

1. deterioration of striated muscle (white muscle disease)
2. retained placenta
3. reduced reproduction

Question 18

Vitamin K deficiency

Answer 18

decreased clotting of blood

Question 19

When would thiamin need to be supplemented?

Answer 19

Clostridia bacteria break down thiamin (thiaminase)

Question 20

Thiamin deficiency

Answer 20

polioencephalomalacia (CNS disorder)