Minerals Flashcards
Macro vs micro minerals
required in macro concentrations (gram amounts)
Required in micro concentration (mg amounts, mg/kg)
What are the 7 macro minerals
Ca, P, Na
Mg, K, Cl, S
What factors influence optimum trace mineral status
Bioavailability of TM- supplemental TM, antagonist minerals, synergistic minerals/vitamins
Demand for TM- Physiological status, disease challenges, environmental stressors
What is a mineral antagonism?
compete for binding sites and absorption
What is bioavailability?
the fraction of the ingested nutrient that is utilized for normal physiological functions or storage
Physiological factors that influence bioavailability
- Species and genetics
- Age and sex
- Metabolic function (growth, lactation, maintenance)
- Nutritional status
- Intestinal or Rumen Microflora
- Physiological stress
Extrinsic factors that influence bioavailability
- Solubility of element
- Binding to other dietary components
- State of oxidation
- Competitive antagonisms
- Chelate effects
Organic vs inorganic mineral
Inorganic: bound to sulfate, chloride, carbonate, or oxide
Organic: bound to carbohydrate or protein
What is a mineral chelate?
Chemically attached to an organic molecule
Why is it important to know intake when making mineral purchases?
Decrease costs, avoid toxicity
Electrolyte macrominerals
important in acid-base balance, water balance, muscle contractions, nerve impulses
Na, Cl, K
Na/K Pump
maintains osmotic pressure
3 Na to extracellular
2 K to intracellular
Cl function
- balances Na in extracellular fluid with bicarbonates
- form HCl for gastric secretion
Ca deficiency
Milk fever, also called parturient paresis. Result is paralysis after calving
What might cause a cow to become Ca deficient?
Increased Ca demand for milk production
Where can Ca come from to meet requirements?
- Absorption from GI tract
- mobilization from bone
- resorption from kidney
How can milk fever be prevented? How is it treated?
Prevent by feeding a greater amount of anions prior to calving
Treat with intravenous administration of Ca gluconate
What is urinary calculi?
imbalance of Ca and P (too much P) in sheep. P form kidney stones, impacts urination, bladder fills up with urine
What is grass tetany and when is it likely to occur?
Magnesium deficiency causes muscle weakness (grass staggers)
Occurs during early lactation
What happens during sulfur toxicity? How does it progress to PEM?
High sulfur in diet converted to H2S gas, burped and inhaled.
From there it crosses blood brain barrier, interferes with TPP, and causes PEM
PEM
acute signs of polioencephalomalacia is blindness, seizures, comatose
What part of the US is selenium deficient? Toxic?
Indiana, Ohio
Midwest
Se deficiency
White muscle disease
Se toxicity
Hair loss
Hoof deformities
Weight loss
Diarrhea
What is the legal level of Se supplementation
0.3 ppm
I function
constituent of T3 and T4
associated with basal metabolic rate
I deficiency
Reduced BMR
Dry skin, brittle hair
Goiter (enlarged thyroid)
I toxicity
overactive metabolism, increased BMR
How does nitrate toxicity progress?
- NO3 reduced to No2
- alters iron in hemoglobin (Fe2+ to Fe3+)
- cannot transport oxygen
- death
When is nitrate toxicity likely to occur?
accumulate nitrate (NO3) in forages or water
