Minerals

Question 1

Macro vs micro minerals

Answer 1

required in macro concentrations (gram amounts)
Required in micro concentration (mg amounts, mg/kg)

Question 2

What are the 7 macro minerals

Answer 2

Ca, P, Na
Mg, K, Cl, S

Question 3

What factors influence optimum trace mineral status

Answer 3

Bioavailability of TM- supplemental TM, antagonist minerals, synergistic minerals/vitamins

Demand for TM- Physiological status, disease challenges, environmental stressors

Question 4

What is a mineral antagonism?

Answer 4

compete for binding sites and absorption

Question 5

What is bioavailability?

Answer 5

the fraction of the ingested nutrient that is utilized for normal physiological functions or storage

Question 6

Physiological factors that influence bioavailability

Answer 6

1. Species and genetics
2. Age and sex
3. Metabolic function (growth, lactation, maintenance)
4. Nutritional status
5. Intestinal or Rumen Microflora
6. Physiological stress

Question 7

Extrinsic factors that influence bioavailability

Answer 7

1. Solubility of element
2. Binding to other dietary components
3. State of oxidation
4. Competitive antagonisms
5. Chelate effects

Question 8

Organic vs inorganic mineral

Answer 8

Inorganic: bound to sulfate, chloride, carbonate, or oxide
Organic: bound to carbohydrate or protein

Question 9

What is a mineral chelate?

Answer 9

Chemically attached to an organic molecule

Question 10

Why is it important to know intake when making mineral purchases?

Answer 10

Decrease costs, avoid toxicity

Question 11

Electrolyte macrominerals

Answer 11

important in acid-base balance, water balance, muscle contractions, nerve impulses

Na, Cl, K

Question 12

Na/K Pump

Answer 12

maintains osmotic pressure
3 Na to extracellular
2 K to intracellular

Question 13

Cl function

Answer 13

1. balances Na in extracellular fluid with bicarbonates
2. form HCl for gastric secretion

Question 14

Ca deficiency

Answer 14

Milk fever, also called parturient paresis. Result is paralysis after calving

Question 15

What might cause a cow to become Ca deficient?

Answer 15

Increased Ca demand for milk production

Question 16

Where can Ca come from to meet requirements?

Answer 16

1. Absorption from GI tract
2. mobilization from bone
3. resorption from kidney

Question 17

How can milk fever be prevented? How is it treated?

Answer 17

Prevent by feeding a greater amount of anions prior to calving
Treat with intravenous administration of Ca gluconate

Question 18

What is urinary calculi?

Answer 18

imbalance of Ca and P (too much P) in sheep. P form kidney stones, impacts urination, bladder fills up with urine

Question 19

What is grass tetany and when is it likely to occur?

Answer 19

Magnesium deficiency causes muscle weakness (grass staggers)
Occurs during early lactation

Question 20

What happens during sulfur toxicity? How does it progress to PEM?

Answer 20

High sulfur in diet converted to H2S gas, burped and inhaled.
From there it crosses blood brain barrier, interferes with TPP, and causes PEM

Question 21

PEM

Answer 21

acute signs of polioencephalomalacia is blindness, seizures, comatose

Question 22

What part of the US is selenium deficient? Toxic?

Answer 22

Indiana, Ohio
Midwest

Question 23

Se deficiency

Answer 23

White muscle disease

Question 24

Se toxicity

Answer 24

Hair loss
Hoof deformities
Weight loss
Diarrhea

Question 25

What is the legal level of Se supplementation

Answer 25

0.3 ppm

Question 26

I function

Answer 26

constituent of T3 and T4
associated with basal metabolic rate

Question 27

I deficiency

Answer 27

Reduced BMR
Dry skin, brittle hair
Goiter (enlarged thyroid)

Question 28

I toxicity

Answer 28

overactive metabolism, increased BMR

Question 29

How does nitrate toxicity progress?

Answer 29

1. NO3 reduced to No2
2. alters iron in hemoglobin (Fe2+ to Fe3+)
3. cannot transport oxygen
4. death

Question 30

When is nitrate toxicity likely to occur?

Answer 30

accumulate nitrate (NO3) in forages or water