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Nutrition 332 > Vitamins > Flashcards

Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

beriberi

A

thiamin deficiency

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2
Q

Define vitamin

A

organic compound that is required in a very small amount

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3
Q

pellagra

A

niacin deficiency

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4
Q

rickets

A

vitamin d deficiency

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5
Q

scurvy

A

vitamin c deficiency

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6
Q

night blindness

A

vitamin a deficiency

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7
Q

fat soluble vitamins

A

A, D, E, K

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8
Q

water soluble vitamins

A

thiamin, niacin, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, cyanocobalamin, folic acid, biotin, choline, ascorbic acid (vitamin c), riboflavin

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9
Q

vitamins synthesized by the rumen

A

water soluble vitamins and vitamin K

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10
Q

vitamin D synthesis

A

from precursor 7-dehydrocholesterol by skin exposure to UV light

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11
Q

animals that cannot synthesize vitamin C

A

primates and guinea pigs

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12
Q

forms of vitamin A

A

retinoids and carotenoids

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13
Q

beta carotene

A

form of vitamin a found in plants (stored hay and grain)

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14
Q

animals that cannot turn beta carotene into vitamin a

A

cats and mink

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15
Q

biological functions of vitamin A

A
  1. forms rhodopsin which is required for sight
  2. required by epithelial cells: skin, GIT, reproductive tract, bone growth, mucus membranes
  3. protection against disease
  4. protection against cancer/antioxidants
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16
Q

path of vitamin A absorption

A

IMC (active transport) > incorporated in chylomicron > liver

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17
Q

vitamin a deficiency

A

nyctalopia (night blindness)
xerophthalmia (toad skin)
reduced feed intake, edema, lacrimation, weakened immunity, death
poor bone growth
rarely occurs in adults because several years worth is stored in liver

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18
Q

vitamin A toxicosis

A

10x minimum daily requirement
bulging fontanelles, headaches, nausea, vomiting, visual disorientation, peeling skin

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19
Q

biological function of vitaminD

A

Ca and P homeostasis
-increases blood calcium by promoting resorption of Ca from renal tubule and bone stores
-increases enteric absorption of Ca through increased synthesis of Ca binding protein
-increases enteric phosphate absorption (independent of Ca)
-bone formation and mobilization

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20
Q

osteoporosis

A

loss of bone mass starting in third to fourth decade in females, fourth to fifth in males

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21
Q

sunshine and vitamin D

A

sunlight catalyzes the opening up of the cholesterol precursor, first hydroxylation occurs in liver and second on kidney

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22
Q

absorption and metabolism of vitamin D

A

absorbed from small intestine or synthesized on skin snd carried to liver

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23
Q

vitamin d deficiency

A

abnormal bone formation, all symptoms relating to Ca deficiency
rickets in young animals
osteoporosis in old
lameness, bowed and crooked legs, spontaneous fractures of the long bones
young poultry more susceptible than calves and pigs
can be used to treat milk fever

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24
Q

vitamin d toxicosis

A

rare in livestock
loss of Ca and P homeostasis
increased deposition of Ca in soft tissues
death from uremic poisoning from severe calcification of kidney tubules

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25
Q

vitamin E (tocopherol) biological function

A

anti-sterility vitamin, prevents resorption of fetuses and testicular degeneration
stabilizing cell membrane structure, functions with selenium, protects cell against adverse effects of free radicals

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26
Q

absorption and metabolism of vitamin E

A

-found in lipid fraction of plant seeds, limited amount in animal tissue, fruits and vegetables
-absorption in jejunum (20-40%) dependent upon micellar solubilization and presence of bile and pancreatic solutions
-transported to liver via chylomicron and to general circulation in VLDL
-all extra hepatic tissue take up vit E from VLDL

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27
Q

vitamin E toxicosis

A

one of least toxic vitamins
substitutes for 50% of selenium requirement

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28
Q

vitamin E deficiency

A

-reproductive failure: embryonic -degeneration and testicular atrophy
-encepholomalacia in chicks (abnormal softness of cerebral parenchyma) causes ataxia, spasms, paralysis
-exudative diatheis (in chickens) acculumation of fluid in subQ tissues, muscles, or connective tissue caused by leakage of plasma
-selenium can protect against

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29
Q

biological role of vitamin K

A

blood coagulation cascade
formation of clotting factors
prevent hemorrhage and lead to thrombus formation

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30
Q

foods containing vitamin K

A

green leafy vegetables
very low in fruits and grains
low to moderate in meats and dairy

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31
Q

phylloquinones

A

form of vit K synthesized in plants, has least biological activity

32
Q

menaquinones

A

form of vit K synthesized by rumen microbes

33
Q

menadione

A

synthetic form of vit K, highest biological activity

34
Q

absorption and metabolism of vitamin K

A

-phylloquinone absorbed by energy dependent process in SI
-menaquinone and menadione absorbed via passive diffusion in SI & colon
-then incorporated into chylomicron, transported to liver, exported in VLDL
-menadione rapidly metabolized and excreted in urine
-phylloquinone and menaquinone excreted in feces via bile

35
Q

tissue distribution of vitamin K

A

-natural sources readily taken up by liver but has short half life
-little vit K crosses placenta and little in milk, infants susceptible to hemorrhage
-no good long term storage

36
Q

vitamin K deficiency

A

rare because of wide distribution in plant and animal foods and bacterial synthesis
increased blood clotting time
subQ hemorrhages

37
Q

reasons an animal may need extra vit K

A

-chicks on coccidiostat sulfaquinoxaline
-prevents coprophagy in rats and pigs
-mycotoxins in grain
-broad spectrum antibiotics eliminate beneficial bacteria
-vit K antagonists: sweet clover (dicoumarol), warfarin (rat poison)

38
Q

osteocalcin

A

vit K dependent gla proteins found in rapidly growing bone, regulation of incorporation of calcium phosphates into bone
second most abundant protein in bone

39
Q

vitamin K toxicosis

A

menadione toxic to skin: chest pains and shortness of breath
phylloquinone: essentially nontoxic

40
Q

biological function of thiamin / B1

A

-functions in oxidative decarboxylation reactions of krebs cycle
-involved in nerve transmission and/or excitation, CNS requires thiamin as cofactor for glucose

41
Q

absorption and metabolism of thiamin

A

-found in most animal tissues (phosphorylated), cereal grains and legumes (free)
-absorbed from small intestine by passive diffusion at high concentration, active transport at low concentration
-stored in small quantities in tissue/liver
-pigs store large quantities in muscle

42
Q

thiamin deficiency

A

-seen when polished rice staple food, alcoholics
-activity can be destroyed by processing and preservatived\s
-anorexia, enlargement of heart, numbness of extremities, edema of feet, paralysis
-ataxia and mental confusion in alcoholics
-polyneuritis in chicks, rats walk in circles, ventroflexation of head and neck
-many foods (raw fish, bracken fern) contain enzymes that split thiamines rendering it unavailable

43
Q

thiamin toxicosis

A

-relatively non toxic, lethal effects at 1000x dietary requirements
-blocks nerve transmission, curare like symptons

44
Q

riboflavin / B2 natural source

A

milk, whey

45
Q

biological function of riboflavin

A

component of FMN and FAD
transfer of electrons in ETC

46
Q

absorption and metabolism of riboflavin

A

absorbed in SI via active transport
immunoglobins involved in transport
little storage in body, readily excreted in urine

47
Q

riboflavin deficiency

A

causes impaired growth and reduced feed efficiency
curled toe paralysis in poultry
dermatitis, conjunctivitis, malformations, still births

48
Q

riboflavin toxicosis

A

very low toxicity level

49
Q

niacin natural sources

A

both plant and animal origin
most in plants is bound
meat, milk, fish has no bound form
very heat and light stable

50
Q

niacin biological function

A

redox reactions as two electron transporters
-NAD/NADH transports electrons for metabolic intermediates to mitochondrial ETC
-NADP/NADPH serves as reducing agent in biosynthetic processes
-critical for mitochondrial respiration, metabolism of carbs lipids and AAs

51
Q

absorption and metabolism of niacon

A

-simple diffusion across intestinal mucosa
-nicotinic acid converted to nicotinamide and incorporated into coenzyme (NAD/NADP)
-nicotinamide synthesized from tryptophan
-excess excreted in urine

52
Q

species with high niacin requirement

A

cats, low efficiency of tryptophan to niacin conversion

53
Q

niacin deficiency

A

-anorexia, reduced growth, muscular weakness, digestive disorders, diarrhea, poor feathering
-known as Black Tongue in dogs and Pellagra in monogastrics
-requirement determined by efficiency of metabolic converstion to TRYP to niacin

54
Q

niacin toxicosis

A

low toxicity

55
Q

pellagra causes and symptoms

A

3 Ms: diet of meat (fat), molasses and (corn) meal
4 Ds: causes dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death
castles collar: bright red welts around neck

56
Q

nixtamalization

A

mixing cornmeal with water to release bound niacin to make it bioavailable
understood by aztecs and mayans

57
Q

pantothenic acid biological function

A

component of coenzyme a
acyl group transfers, CoA synthetase, acyl carrier protein

58
Q

pantothenic acid absorption and metabolism

A

natural coenzymes hydrolyzed in intestine to pantothenic acid, absorbed, circulated, cellular enzymes convert into CoA
excess excreted in urine

59
Q

pantothenic acid natural sources

A

widely distributes in feeds as a mixture of coenzymes

60
Q

pantothenic acid deficiency

A

decreased metabolism
poor growth, dermatitis, hemorrhaging of adrenal cortex, reduced immunity
goose stepping in pigs

61
Q

pantothenic acid toxicosis

A

no adverse responses have been documented

62
Q

pyroxidine natural forms

A

-unstable in heat and light
pryidoxol (inactive)
pryidoxal
pyridoxamine
-phosphorylated to be active
-found in yeast, liver, muscle, milk, vegetables, cereal grains

63
Q

pyridoxine biological function

A

-coenzyme to many enzyme systems in nitrogen metabolism
-cofactor for mobilization of glycogen stores
-required for RBC formation
-function of many hormones (GH, insulin, sex hormones)

64
Q

pyroxidine absorption and metabolism

A

-absorption of free forms in SI by passive transfer
-little storage within body
once ingested must be converted to active form (PLP and PMP) which requires FMN, FAD, NAD > deficiency of riboflavin or niacin results in decreased active pyroxidine

65
Q

pyroxidine deficiency

A

-unlikely because of wide distribution in feed
-nervous system convulsions, demyelination of nerves, skin lesions on feet, face, ears, reduced immunocompetence in offspring of depleted females

66
Q

pyroxidine toxicosis

A

essentially non toxic

67
Q

biotin natural sources

A

widely distributed in low concentrations in plant and animal tissue

68
Q

biotin biological function

A

metabolic carboxylation reactions
ex. pyruvate carboxylase (gluconeogenesis), acetyl CoA carboxylase (FA synthesis). propionyl CoA carboxylase (conversion propionyl CoA to succinyl CoA)

69
Q

biotin absorption and metabolism

A

absorbed in SI, little stores in body

70
Q

biotin deficiency

A

-commonly occurs in poultry
-dermatitis and perosis (slipped tendons)
-can be caused by eating raw egg (protein avidin in egg white binds to biotin, strongest bond known in nature), avidin/biotin complex commonly used in lab immunoassays ex. ELISAs
-slatted floors can increase symptoms, prevents coprophagy

71
Q

biotin toxicosis

A

relatively nontoxic, 4-10x nutritional requirement tolerated, perhaps even higher

72
Q

folic acid natural sources

A

-widely distributed in plants and animals
-folacin any compounds with folic acid activity
-active form tetrahydrofolate/THF (reduced form)

73
Q

folic acid biological function

A

-one carbon transfer reactions
-required for synthesis of purines, pyrimidines, glycine, serine
-choline and methionine metabolism

74
Q

folic acid deficiency

A

-more likely when antagonists present in diets, ex, wide spectrum antibiotics, sulfa drugs used as coccidiastats in chick feed
-macrocytic hyperchromic anemia (large, immature RBC), leucopenia (low WBC count), thrombocytopenia (low platelet count), impaired biosynthesis of purines and pyrimidines

75
Q

folic acid absorption and metabolism

A

-synthesis and absorption in intestine
-actively absorbed from GIT, carried to all tissues of body
-liver main site of conversion of folicin to THF

76
Q

folic acid toxicosis

A

essentially non toxic, no adverse affects documented

Nutrition 332 (10 decks)

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