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Nutrition 332 > Macro Minerals - Exam 3 > Flashcards

Macro Minerals - Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Calcium absorption

A

Dependent of calcium status, age, chelating agents

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2
Q

Biological role of Ca

A

Bones
Milk

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3
Q

Calcium deficiency/imbalance

A

Can be caused by P or Vit D deficiency
Osteoporosis
Cage layer fatigue
Milk fever

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4
Q

Calcium Toxicosis

A

Very rare
Osteopetrosis
Urinary calculi

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5
Q

What age groups need extra calcium?

A

Adolescent and geriatric

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6
Q

Phosphorous absorption

A

Doudenum
Dependent on source (phytic acid)
Ca:P

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7
Q

Phosphorous excretion

A

Urine

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8
Q

Biological Role of P

A

Bone
Every aspect of tissue metabolism

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9
Q

P deficiency & imbalance

A

Deficiency basically unheard of
Imbalance more common in ruminants
Causes weak bones, reduced production, pica
Levels measured in blood plasma

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10
Q

P toxicosis

A

Urinary calculi
High P and low Ca causes PTG, resorbs bones and excretes P, leads to bone loss

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11
Q

How to prevent P toxicity

A

Don’t feed excess commercial grain
add urine acidifiers
feed whole grains

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12
Q

What feeds are high/low in P and Ca

A

Grains are high in P, low in Ca
Forages are low in P, high in Ca

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13
Q

Magnesium absorption

A

ileum of monogastrics
reticulorumen of ruminants
Dependent on carbohydrate source (more carbs > more absorption)
More organic acids, less Mg absorption
Ca, P, K adversely affected

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14
Q

Mg excretion

A

Urine and feces

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15
Q

Mg biological role

A

Bone developments
Activator for enzymes
Cellular respiration
Important for decarboxylation of alpha-keto acids

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16
Q

Mg deficiencies & imbalances

A

True deficiencies uncommon
Physiological deficiencies known as grass tetany
More common in spring when cold snaps reduce availability of Mg in grass
Causes neuromuscular symptoms including foaming mouth
Treatment with IV Mg
Urinary and RBC Mg tested (or just treat)

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17
Q

Mg toxicosis

A

Unlikely except accidental poisoning
Causes lethargy, diarrhea, death

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18
Q

Where is the majority of Mg in the body

A

50-60%
30% associated with bone P

19
Q

Where is remaining Mg found

A

Soft tissues- liver and skeletal muscles

20
Q

Sodium absorption

A

Active through intestine
Passive through stomach

21
Q

Na excretion

A

Inverse relationship between K and Na
Urine

22
Q

Biological role of Na

A

Osmotic pressure regulation

23
Q

Deficiency of NA

A

Causes decline in urine excretions
May drink urine

24
Q

Na Toxicosis

A

Can be caused by high salt in water
Increased water intake, edema, death
Chickens very sensitive to salt, no more than 2% salt

25
Q

What is Na always found with

A

Chloride

26
Q

Location of K, Na, Cl

A

K: intracellular
Na: extracellular
Cl: extracellular

27
Q

Is lots of salt needed in the diet?

A

No, extensively recycled through endogenous secretions
Large salt intake makes small impact on absorption

28
Q

Chloride absorption

A

Passive through intestine
Active through stomach
(Opposite sodium)

29
Q

Cl excretion

A

Used to balance sodium excretion by kidney

30
Q

Biological role of Cl

A

Component of HCl, stomach acid

31
Q

Deficiency of Cl

A

Nonspecific symptoms (Pica, lethargy reduced production)

32
Q

Cl toxicosis

A

May affect systemic pH

33
Q

Potassium Absorption

A

(Same as Na)
active through intestine
passive through stomach

34
Q

K excretion

A

Inverse to sodium to maintain balance

35
Q

Biological role of K

A

Maintain nervous impulse conduction in muscles and heart (works with sodium)

36
Q

K deficiency

A

Abnormal heart rhythms

37
Q

K toxicosis

A

Can cause grass tetany

38
Q

Sulfur absorption

A

Organic sources (AA): small intestine
Inorganic (Sulfate): very low absorption

39
Q

S excretion

A

Urine and feces

40
Q

S biological role

A

Disulfide bonds
AAs: Methionine and Cysteine
Two bonded cysteine: cystine

41
Q

S Deficiency

A

Affects microbial population

42
Q

S toxicosis

A

Sulfur turned into hydrogen sulfide by bugs
No specific symptoms

43
Q

What is the relationship between Sulfur and Selenium

A

Selenium can replace the sulfur in AAs, less toxic form

44
Q

Tetrathiomolybdate

A

Molybdenum bonded to 4 sulfurs
Can bond Copper
Excess Mo > Cu deficiency
Less Mo > Cu toxicity

Nutrition 332 (10 decks)

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