Vitamins

Question 1

sources of vit D

Answer 1

egg yolk, fish oil and plants

Question 2

What is the Precursor for Vitamin D

Answer 2

Ergosterol

Question 3

What Does Excess Vit D cause?

Answer 3

nausea and muscle weakness
calcium absorption
bone resorption

Question 4

What Does Deficiencies of Vit D cause in the Oral Cavity?

Answer 4

increase risk of caries and periodontal disease
enamel and dentine hypoplasia

Question 5

How does Vit D Activate?

Answer 5

ergosterol converted to ergocalciferol

7-dehydrocholestrol converted to cholecalciferol

catalysed by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3

Question 6

is vitamin D water soluble?

Answer 6

no

Question 7

is vit D fat-soluble and what happens to it in excess?

Answer 7

yes, stored in fat and adipose tissue

Question 8

What happens to water-soluble vitamins in excess?

Answer 8

non-toxic and excreted in the urine

Question 9

Give 3 water-soluble vitamins.

Answer 9

vitamin C
vitamin B9 (Folic Acid)
vitamin B12

Question 10

2 Forms in which vit C exists.

Answer 10

Ascorbic Acid
Ascorbate Salts

Question 11

Sources of Vit C

Answer 11

fruit and veg

Question 12

What are 3 the Functions of Vit C

Answer 12

antioxidant - prevents Fe2+ into Fe3+

Collagen synthesis

iron absorption

Question 13

What does vit c deficiency lead to?

Answer 13

scurvy, mild anaemia, damage to blood vessels

Question 14

Which Groups are at Risk of Vit C Deficiency?

Answer 14

elderly
alcohol/drug abuse
smokers
infants who primary source of milk is cows
renal failure and dialysis
malabsorption conditions

Question 15

What are the Oral Symptoms of Vit C Deficiency?

Answer 15

initial = gingival inflam
progressive = impaired collagen synthesis

Question 16

What can Reduce the effect of ascorbic acid?

Answer 16

sodium ascorbate

Question 17

Sources of B9

Answer 17

green leafy veg, liver, nuts, cereals

Question 18

Function of B9

Answer 18

DNA synthesis
cell division
nucleic acid synthesis

Question 19

What does Deficiency of B9 Lead to?

Answer 19

megaloblastic anaemia hair loss
fatigue
heart disease
birth defects
- spina bifida and anencephaly
- neural tube doesn’t close

Question 20

What are the Oral Symptoms of Vit 9 Deficiency

Answer 20

during pregnancy, cleft lips risk are high

Question 21

Where is B12 Stored?

Answer 21

liver

Question 22

sources of B12

Answer 22

meat, eggs, dairy

Question 23

Function of b12

Answer 23

folate metabolism
maintain low homocysteine level
blood formation
nerve functioning

Question 24

When is a Deficiency of B12 caused?

Answer 24

insufficient intrinsic factors

Question 25

What does a deficiency of B12 lead to?

Answer 25

damage to growing cells
neurological symptoms
fatigue
chronic pain
infertility
blood disorders

Question 26

Which groups are at risk of vit B12 Deficiency?

Answer 26

strict vegetarians
elderly
malabsorption diseases
side effects of medication

Question 27

How is B12 Absorbed and Transported?

Answer 27

• B12 binds to glycoprotein in stomach
  = vitamin-intrinsic factor
• surface receptors in ileum recognise
  = absorbed
• transported and binds to a B12 binding protein (transcoblamin)
• stored in the liver

Question 28

Why is it Hard to Detect B12 Deficiency

Answer 28

blood tests dont differentiate between active form and non active form

Question 29

How do you Detect b12 Deficiency

Answer 29

two step blood test
- determine holotranscobalamin content
- determine metabolic product concentration

• if theres methylmalonic acids and homocysteine
  = lack of B12

Question 30

How is B12 Administered?

Answer 30

intravenously asap

Question 31

Oral Symptoms of B12 Deficiency

Answer 31

glossitis
angular cheilitis
ulcers
high caries rate
gingival problems in children below 11

Question 32

What Medications can Induce Vitamin Deficiencies, what Diseases are they taken for?

Answer 32

Proton Pump Inhibitors
- Vitamin B12 and C
- gastroesophageal reflux disorder

Metformin
- Vit B12
- diabetes

Levodopa
- Vit B12
- Parkinson’s