Obesity and Diabetes

Question 1

What 3 Diseases are linked with Obesity?

Answer 1

cardio-vascular disease
cancer
type 2 diabetes

Question 2

Define Obesity

Answer 2

excessive adiposity

Question 3

What are 3 Definite Ways to Measure Obesity? and one Informal way.

Answer 3

DEX
- Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry
- most effective and accurate
BUT large and expensive

Bioelectric Impedance Analysis
- like weighing scales, good estimate

BMI
- adult = weight(kg)/height2(m)
- if >25 = overweight
- if >30 = obese
- for children, use 1990 charts
- 91% = overweight
-98% = obese
BUT this is devised as an epidemiological tool and not for assessment for individuals

Question 4

What are 3 Causes of Obesity?

Answer 4

poor diet

lack of physical activity

• inherited forms of Cushing’s syndrome, thyroid deficiency, prader-will syndrome
  = predisposed increase of adipose tissue
• monogenic basic - rare mutation in appetite regulating pathways
• e.g. deficiency in leptin receptor suppresses hunger signal

Question 5

Define Hyperphagia

Answer 5

an abnormal great desire for food - excessive eating

Question 6

What are the Two Types of Obesity?

Answer 6

Polygenic = common obesity, environment is a key determinant
Monogenic = early onset, high genetic contribution

Question 7

What 3 Environmental Links are there to Obesity?

Answer 7

• deprived areas - harder to source healthy food, expenses, accessibility
• ethnic groups
• sex

Question 8

What Relevance does Obesity have to Oral Health?

to caries, oral health, diabetes, delivery to dental care, cardiovascula

Answer 8

caries - weak association

oral health - high BMI links to high DMF (decayed, missing, filling)

diabetes - predisposes to periodontal disease
= inability to produce insulin, blood sugar is less controlled
- common circulating IL-6 and TNF-a cytokines

delivery to dental care - tell patients w/ diabetes the risks

cardiovascular diseases - patients on anti-coagulants

Question 9

What Problems can Obese Patients have with Dental Treatments

Answer 9

• access- stairs
• dental chair - weight limit
• acess to oral cavity
• need earlier effective, preventative care

Question 10

Describe the 2 Types of Diabetes, with Treatment Options

Answer 10

Type 1
- insulin dependent diabetes
- destruction of b-cells
- causes insulin deficiency
- when does it happen - juvenile onset, sometimes adults
- treatment? - insulin

Type 2
-non-insulin dependent diabetes
- insulin resistance
- when? adults - obesite and genetic factors
- treatment? - diet, exercise, hypoglycaemic drugs

Question 11

How does Uncontrolled Diabetes Affect Dentistry?

Answer 11

increase BGC
increased salivary glucose conc
increase oral disease - esp periodontal