Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Yr 2 - IBMS > Metabolism > Flashcards

Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

In Glycolysis: What are the Carriers.

A

ATP, NADH, Acetyl CoA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the NET ATP from Glycolysis?

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the NET ATP from TCA?

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the NET ATP from ETC?

A

28

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Draw the Process of Pyruvate in Anaerobic Conditions

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What Happens when theres too much Lactate?

A

body pH drops, too acidic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What other Sugars other than Glucose can be used?

A

galactose and fructose from adipose tissues or liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe Lactose Intolerance.

A
  • lactose is too big to pass through digestive tract lining
  • must be broken into galactose and glucose by lactase
  • if lactase is underproduced
  • lactose remains in GI tract
  • becomes fermented by bacteria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe Symptoms of Lactose Intolerance

A

farting, diarrhoea, cramps, bloating, nausea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe Galactosemia

A

inherited autosomal recessive disorder

  • deficiency of galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase
  • in the eye..
  • aldose reduces galactose into galacitol
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the Symptoms of Galactosemia

A

cataracts in the eye, enlargement of liver, CNS failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

HOW does Fluoride kill cariogenic bacteria?

A

inhibits Enolase

  • enzyme needed to convert 2-phosphopglycerate into PEP
  • think glycolysis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

State and Describe 4 Mechanisms in which Metabolism can be Regulated.

A
  1. Allosteric Regulation
    - enzyme activity can be inhibited by binding an effector molecule at a site other than the enzyme’s active site
  2. Association with Regulatory Protein
  3. Covalent Modification
    - phosphorylation
  4. Sequestration
    - alters accessibility of reactions, products and substrates
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the 4 Main Enzymes in Glycolysis?

A

Hexokinase
Phosphofructokinase
Pyruvate Kinase
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How is Hexokinase Regulated?

A

Allosteric Regulation

  • inhibit Glucose into G-6-P
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

2 Ways in Which the Activity of Phosphofructokinase is Reduced?

A
  1. Allosteric Regulation by ATP
    - ATP is overproduced
    - binds to allosteric site
    - lowers the PFK affinity
  2. Sensitivity to pH
    - high acidity reduces activity
    - prevents formation of lactic acid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How Can Phosphofructokinase be Activated

A

by Fructose-2,6-Bisphosphate

  • binds to allosteric site
  • increase enzyme affinity for F-6-P
  • reduces affinity for ATP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How is the Activity of Pyruvate Kinase Regulated?

A

allosteric regulation and covalent modification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How is Pyruvate Kinase Activated?

A

Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How is Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Regulated?

A

allosteric regulation and covalent modification

has 2 limiting sited
E2 Transacetylase - limited by Acetyl CoA
E3 Dihydrolipolydehydrogenase - limited by NADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the Main Enzymes in TCA?

A

citrate synthase
isocitrate dehydrogenase
a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Draw out Glycolysis

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where does Glycolysis Occur?

A

in the cystol of the cell

24
Q

What are the 5 Main Stages in Glycolysis and where do they occur, using enzymes?

A

1) Irreversible Phosphorylation
- hexokinase

2) Isomerisation - Aldose to Ketone
- phosphoglucose isomerase

3) Irreversible Phosphorylation
- phosphofructose kinase

4) Cleavage
- Aldose

5) Isomerisation
- Triose Phosphate Isomerase
- DHAP into GAP

25
Q

Draw out Link Reaction

A
26
Q

Where does Link Reaction Occur?

A

matrix of the mitochondria

27
Q

Draw out TCA Cycle

A
28
Q

What are the 9 Steps of TCA Cycle?

A
  1. Condensation
  2. Condensation
  3. Hydration
  4. Oxidative Decarboxylation
  5. Oxidation Decarboxylation
  6. Substrate Level Phosphorylation
  7. Dehydrogenation
  8. Hydration
  9. Dehydrogenation
29
Q

What is the only sugar the brain will use?

A

glucose

30
Q

Draw Glycolysis.

A
31
Q

Draw Glycolysis in the liver and in the muscles.

A
32
Q

What 2 Enzymes are needed at a branch point?

A

Transferase Enzyme - transfers 3 glucose units from one end to another

Amylo-a-1,6-glucosidase - hydrolyses the single glucose unit left behind

33
Q

How does Adrenaline and Glucagon work? Draw it out. (cAMP)

A
34
Q

Draw Out Glycogenesis

A
35
Q

What is Anderson’s Disease?

A

deficiency of branching enzyme
liver failure and death in first year of life

36
Q

Insulin activates PK, what is this?

A

protein kinase

37
Q

how does protein kinase work, draw it out.

A
38
Q

How does Gluconeogenesis work?

A

the opposite of glycolysis, bypassing the irreversible steps

39
Q

Draw out the Steps of Gluconeogenesis

A
40
Q

Where does Gluconeogenesis Occur?

A

in the liver

41
Q

What are the precursors for Gluconeogenesis?

A

lactate
glycerol
amino acids

42
Q

Draw out the roles of lactate and glycerol.

A

lactate into pyruvate by lactate dehydrogenase

glycerol + ATP into glycerol phosphate + ADP + H+ into DHAP
by glycerol kinase and then glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase

43
Q

State Steps of ETC.

A
  1. NADH-Q reductase complex
  2. succinate dehydrogenase
  3. cytochrome c reductase complex
  4. cytochrome c oxidase complex
44
Q

What is the Proton Motive Force?

A

change in ph + change in charge gradient

45
Q

Describe Structure of ATP Synthase

A

two functional domains = F0 and F1

46
Q

Describe F0 from ATP Synthase

A
  • imbedded in the inner mitochondrial mem
  • has a proton pore
  • has multiple subunits

C subunits rotate
- has aspartic acid in the middle
- when in contact with membrane = neutral charger
- when in contact with a unit = negative charge

B subunit stuck on the outside
- 2 half channels
- hydrogen diffuses in Galway

47
Q

How does F0 work?

A
  • aspartic acid in contact with a complex = negative charge
  • c subunits cant move
  • due to chemical gradient, protons move in
    = positive charge
  • c subunit rotates clockwise
  • repeats
48
Q

What is the F1 Complex, Explain Subunits?

A

contains the catalytic activity of the synthase

5 Subunits
3 a, 3 b, 1g

  • only gamma rotates and determines the state
  • open state = ATP release
  • tense state = ATP produced
49
Q

Describe Muscle Shuttle

A
  • e- from NADH transport into mitochondria via glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle
50
Q

Draw Muscle Shuttle.

A
51
Q

How does ATP synthase travel in the Heart and Liver

A

Malate-Aspartate Shuttle

52
Q

Draw Malate-Aspartate Shuttle.

A

NADH donates e- to oxaloacetate to form malate
- malate dehydrogenase

malate goes across the mitochondrial membrane

malate back into oxaloacetate
- mitochondria malate

glutamine + oxaloacetate
= aspartate
- aminotransferase

53
Q

What is the Purpose of the Pentose Pathway?

A

to oxidise glucose to create NADPH

54
Q

Draw out Pentose Pathway

A
55
Q

What is a Toxic Bi-Product of Oxidative Phosphorylation, what percents is it found in?

A

ROS

1%

56
Q

How do you get rid of ROS?

A

NADPH
- reduced glutathione:::
- hydrogen peroxide into water using glutathione peroxidase

  • oxidised glutathione:::
  • uses glutathione reductase and NADPH to become reduced

= repeat process

57
Q

What Happens if you have a Deficiency in G-6-P Dehydrogenase?

A

no ability to produce NADPH
= no detoxification
- problem when under oxidative stress

BUT INHIBITS MALARIA PARASITE

Yr 2 - IBMS (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions