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CNS Exam June 2023 > Vitamins > Flashcards

Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 8 B vitamins

A

Thiamin (B1)
Riboflavin (B2)
Niacin (B3)
Pantothenic acid (B5)
Pyridoxine (B6)
Biotin (B7)
Folate (folic acid) (B9)
Cyanocobalamin (B12).

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2
Q

What is Thiamine a required coenzyme for?

A

Thiamine (B1) is required for the decarboxylation of alpha keto acids and for transketolase reactions. This makes it essential for the conversion of carbohydrates to CO2 and energy as well as the normal functioning of the nervous system, skeletal muscles, and heart.

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3
Q

Thiamine must be phosphorylated to _____ in order to perform it’s coenzyme functions.

A

Thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP)

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4
Q

What reduces the bioavailability of B1?

A

Concurrent consumption of ethanol, anti-thiamin factors, dietary fats and acidic beverages; radiation exposure; and a number of medications.

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5
Q

Seeds, nuts, wheat germ, rice bran, legumes, meats (especially liver and pork), egg yolks, poultry, and fish are all good sources of which vitamin?

A

Thiamine or B1

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6
Q

Chronic thiamine deficiency results in what?

A

Beriberi, megaloblastic anemia, lactic acidosis, and/or branched-chain ketoaciduria. When combined with alcoholism, this produces the Korsakoff Syndrome or Wernicke Disease. Sometimes the two appear concurrently as Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome (alcoholic dementia).

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7
Q

What is the safe upper limit for Thiamine intake?

A

There is currently none known.

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8
Q

Riboflavin is the precursor for what? And what does that make it a requirement for?

A

B2 is a precursor for the synthesis of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) which makes it required for the function of the electron transport chain and other reduction reactions, oxidation of amino acids and fatty acids, hydroxylation reactions of hepatic drug detoxification, condensation of acetate or pyruvate and coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA, and one-carbon transfers.

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9
Q

What interferes with riboflavin’s bioavailability?

A

Antimalarial drugs

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10
Q

Cheese, yogurt, eggs, meat, poultry, fish, beans, spinach, whole grains, nuts, currants, asparagus, broccoli, avocado, and brussels sprouts are all good sources of which vitamin?

A

Riboflavin or B2

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11
Q

Chronic riboflavin deficiency produces what?

A

Dermatitis, chelosis (cracks at the corner of the mouth), glossitis (tongue inflammation/purple tongue), blurred vision, light sensitivity, and eczema on the face and genitalia.

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12
Q

What is the safe upper limit for Riboflavin intake?

A

There is currently none known.

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13
Q

What are the other names of Niacin?

A

Vitamin B3, nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, niacinamide

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14
Q

What nutrient forms the core of niacin adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)?

A

Niacin

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15
Q

Niacin is the precursor for the synthesis of what?

A

NADH, NADP+, AND NADPH

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16
Q

What are good food sources of niacin?

A

Eggs, meat (especially liver), fish, milk and cheese, potatoes, corn and corn products, broccoli, tomatoes, and carrots.

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17
Q

Pellegra is caused by chronic deficiency of which vitamin? And what symptoms characterize pellegra?

A

Niacin. Concurrent symptoms of dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia.

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18
Q

At what amount of intake of niacin does facial flushing occur?

A

500 mg, though it is safe up to 2 grams

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19
Q

Daily intakes of niacin greater than ___ inhibit VLDL production and may reduce ___ ___ ___ concentration.

A

1 gram
serum total cholesterol

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20
Q

Folate is required for what?

A

One-carbon metabolism and the prevention of neural tube defects. It is also required for the synthesis of deoxythymidine for DNA replication.

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21
Q

The biological activity of folate requires its ___ to ___.

A

activation to tetrahydrofolate

22
Q

Anticonvulsant drugs, Dilantin, barbituates, antimalarial drugs, chemotherapeutic agents, oral contraceptives, estrogens, and concurrent consumption of alcohol reduce the bioavailability of which nutrient?

A

Folate or B9

23
Q

True or False?
The bioavailability of folate is markedly increased when ingested as synthetic folic acid.

A

True

24
Q

Good food sources of folate include:

A

Yeast, liver, pork, chicken liver, alfalfa, and green leafy spinach.

25
Q

Neural tube defects (in utero) and megaloblastic anemia are caused by chronic deficiency of which nutrient?

A

Folate or B9

26
Q

What is the known upper safe limit of folate intake?

A

There is none known

27
Q

Large amounts of which nutrient may prevent cervical dysplasia, colorectal cancer, and depression?

A

Folate or B9

28
Q

Folate, along with which two other vitamins, can reduce plasma homocysteine concentrations?

A

Vitamins B6 and B12

29
Q

Biotin is necessary for the metabolism of what?

A

Carbohydrates, fats, and protein

30
Q

What are some good food sources of biotin?

A

Chicken, lamb, pork, beef, veal liver, brewers yeast, soybeans, milk, cheese, saltwater fish, whole wheat flour, and rice bran.

31
Q

Chronic biotin deficiency produces what in adults? And what in infants under 6 months?

A

In adults: dry scaly skin, nausea, anorexia, and seborrhea. In infants: seborrhea and alopecia

32
Q

What is the safe upper limit for biotin intake?

A

There is none known

33
Q

Pantothenic Acid plays a critical role in what?

A

The utilization of fats and carbohydrates, in the oxidation/reduction reactions of energy production, in the manufactures of adrenal hormones and in the metabolism of red blood cells.

34
Q

What are some good food sources of B5?

A

Yeast, whole grains, egg yolks, organ meats, potatoes, pease, beans, and saltwater fish.

35
Q

Fatigue, nausea, and “burning feet syndrome” are caused by chronic deficiency of which nutrient?

A

Pantothenic Acid or B5

36
Q

What is the upper safe limit of pantothenic acid intake?

A

There is none known

37
Q

After it’s conversion to PLP, what is pyridoxine essential for?

A

Protein and amino acid metabolism, neurotransmitter synthesis within the nervous system, immune system function, the synthesis of hormones, heme synthesis, the differentiation of red blood cells, and the remethylation of tetrahydrofolate after conversion.

38
Q

Brewer’s yeast, liver, eggs, fish, wheat germ, nuts, beans, avocados, bananas, carrots, and peas are all good food sources of which nutrient?

A

Pyridoxine or B6

39
Q

Dermatitis, anemia, irritability, fatigue, insomnia, nervousness, tingling in the hands and feet, convulsions, and brain wave abnormalities are all caused by the chronic deficiency of which nutrient?

A

Pyridoxine or B6

40
Q

At what level of intake have nervous system reactions been reported with daily intake of pyridoxine?

A

2-6 grams

41
Q

Which nutrient is vital for healthy blood formation and nervous system function because it is required for one-carbon methyl group transfers from methionine to methyl group acceptors, fatty acid oxidation, DNA synthesis, cell division and red blood cell differentiation?

A

Vitamin B12 or Cobalamin

42
Q

Inadequate production of intrinsic factor limits the absorption of which nutrient in the intestine?

A

Cobalamin or Vitamin B12

43
Q

What are some good food sources of Cobalamin?

A

Meat, fish, eggs, cheese, milk, liver, and kidney

44
Q

Chronic vitamin B12 deficiency produces what?

A

Pernicious anemia, impaired nervous system function, confusion, depression, memory loss, impaired leg and finger coordination, psychosis, peripheral neuritis, moodiness, secondary folate deficiency, and elevated urinary excretion of methylmalonic acid.

45
Q

What is the upper safe limit of vitamin B12?

A

There is none known.

46
Q

What is ascorbic acid required for?

A

Vitamin C is required for collagen synthesis, the formation of norepinephrine, iron metabolism, the synthesis of proline, tryptophan, dopamine, and tyrosine, and the reduction of free radical electrons.

47
Q

What are the good food sources of ascorbic acid?

A

Citrus fruit, berries, and vegetables.

48
Q

Scurvy, bleeding gums, extreme weakness and fatigue, poor wound healing, bruises, and weight loss are caused by the chronic deficiency of which nutrient?

A

Vitamin C or ascorbic acid

49
Q

Is there a known upper safe limit of vitamin C intake?

A

No

50
Q

Excessive vitamin C intake can cause what two symptoms?

A

Diarrhea and nausea

51
Q

Large intake of which nutrient can interfere with diagnostic tests that are used to determine the presence of oxalate in urine?

A

Vitamin C

52
Q

True or False?
Concurrent ingestion of vitamin C and iron decreases iron absorption.

A

False. It increases iron absorption and can result in excessive iron accumulation.

CNS Exam June 2023 (10 decks)

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