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CNS Exam June 2023 > CNS Primer Questions Section 1 > Flashcards

CNS Primer Questions Section 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Examples of dietary nutrients that are not absorbed directly into the enterohepatic portal blood system include:

Amino Acids
Medium-Chain Fatty Acids
Monosaccharides
Long-Chain Fatty Acids

A

Long-Chain Fatty Acids

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2
Q

The hormone responsible for the decrease in gastrointestinal smooth muscle tone and motility during pregnancy is:

Estrogen
Progesterone
Placental Lactogen
Human Chorionic Ghonadotropin

A

Progesterone

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3
Q

The ingestion of a meal containing large amounts of saturated fat will result in a transient increase in the serum concentration of:

Chylomicrons
Low-Density Lipoproteins
High-Density Lipoproteins
Micelles

A

Choylomicrons

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4
Q

The product of enterokinase reactions is:

Trypsin
Chymotrypsin
Pepsin
Carboxypeptidase

A

Trypsin

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5
Q

Most iron is transported in the blood via the plasma carrier:

Heme
Ferritin
Transferrin
Albumin

A

Transferrin

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6
Q

The organs most active in the synthesis of endogenous cholesterol are the liver and the:

Gallbladder
Pancreas
Adrenal Glands
Intestinal Mucosa

A

Intestinal Mucosa

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7
Q

Lactulose is a carbohydrate that is:

Absorbed in the small intestine
Absorbed in the large intestine
A nonabsorbable laxative
Not found in the human diet

A

A nonabsorbable laxative

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8
Q

Digested dietary protein is absorbed primarily in the:

Stomach
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

A

Jejunum

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9
Q

Monosaccharides are transported across the placenta from the maternal circulation to the fetal circulation by the process of:

Simple Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
Active Transport
Pinocytosis

A

Facilitated Diffusion

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10
Q

If a bolus containing 600 mOsm/L enters the jejunum, the net direction of fluid movement in the intestinal tract will be:

From the intestinal lumen to the circulation
From the circulation to the intestinal lumen
Longitudinally along the mucosal basement membrane
From the circulation to the lymphoid system

A

From the circulation to the intestinal lumen

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11
Q

Excessive production of gas within the intestines may be caused by excessive colonic bacterial fermentation of unabsorbed:

Gluten
Small Peptides
Lignin
Carbohydrates

A

Carbohydrates

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12
Q

A major intracellular antioxidant is the nutrient:

Vitamin A
Thiamin
Glutathione
Ascorbic Acid

A

Glutathione

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13
Q

A required prerequisite to the digestion of proteins is the HCL-dependent process called:

Hydrolysis
Evaporation
Denaturation
Distillation

A

Denaturation

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14
Q

The true digestibility of dietary fatty acids is:

65%-75%
75%-85%
85%-95%
> 95%

A

> 95%

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15
Q

The structures of linoleic acid and gamma-linolenic acid differ in their:

Chain lengths
Double bond positions
Numbers of double bonds
Side chain moieties

A

Numbers of double bonds

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16
Q

An example of a compound that is not considered to be a component of dietary fiber is:

Pectin
Hemicellulose
Amylose
Cellulose

A

Amylose

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17
Q

Dietary fats and oils primarily are composed of:

Triglycerides
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
Saturated Fatty Acids
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids

A

Triglycerides

18
Q

A nutrient is considered to be conditionally essential when:

It cannot be replaced by a metabolic precursor
It is malabsorbed
Its endogenous production becomes insufficient to satisfy needs
It requires a second essential nutrient to be effective

A

Its endogenous production becomes insufficient to satisfy needs

19
Q

Vitamin reserves can become depleted because all vitamins are:

Synthesized inefficiently
Essential nutrients
Metabolized quickly
Excreted rapidly

A

Essential nutrients

20
Q

The process of adding a nutrient to manufactured foods as a public health measure is called:

Restoration
Enrichment
Fortification
Supplementation

A

Fortification

21
Q

Food additives can be used:

As effective preservatives
Without restriction
To compensate for improper processing practices
Without risk

A

As effective preservatives

22
Q

Nutrification is the:

Addition of a nutrient to a food in order to assure the distribution of that nutrient to a target population group
Specific addition of thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and iron to white flour
Structural modification of complex carbohydrates
Addition of at least 25% of the RDA of a nutrient to a food product that has been designed to replace a meal or food item

A

Addition of a nutrient to a food in order to assure the distribution of that nutrient to a target population group

23
Q

Ketones result from the metabolism of:

Fatty Acids
Simple Sugars
Amino Acids
Complex Carbohydrates

A

Fatty Acids

24
Q

The plasmalemma does not incorporate:

Vitamin A
Vitamin E
Cholesterol
Phospholipids

A

Vitamin A

25
Q

The failure of a tissue or organ to develop properly is called:

Neoplasia
Aplasia
Hyperplasia
Atrophy

A

Aplasia

26
Q

Glutamine is the primary energy source for the:

Liver
Heart
Small Intestine
Brain

A

Small Intestine

27
Q

The metabolic effects of insulin include stimulation of:

Adipocyte secretion of non-esterified fatty acids
Myocyte amino acid uptake
Hepatocyte gluconeogenisis
Myocyte glycogenesis

A

Myocyte amino acid uptake

28
Q

The most common skeletal complication of chronic renal failure is:

Hyperostosis
Osteoporosis
Rickets
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

A

Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

29
Q

Most circulating cholesterol is eliminated from the body after metabolism to:

Lipoproteins
Phospholipids
Fecal Fat
Bile Acids

A

Bile Acids

30
Q

Vitamin B12 is a required cofactor in the biochemical pathway through which glucose is produced from the amino acid:

Alanine
Valine
Methionine
Tyrosine

A

Valine

31
Q

Copper is a component of:

Alkaline phosphatase
Glycosyl Transferase
Ceruloplasmin
Glucose Tolerance Factor

A

Ceruloplasmin

32
Q

The decarboxylation of pyruvate involves a sequence of reactions that require, as coenzymes, the four vitamins:

Thiamin, pantothenic acid, riboflavin, and vitamin B12
Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and vitamin B12
Thiamin, pantothenic acid, riboflavin, and niacin
Biotin, niacin, pantothenic acid, and vitamin B12

A

Thiamin, pantothenic acid, riboflavin, and niacin

33
Q

The size of the free amino acid pool in the human body is regulated by the rate of:

Oxidation of amino acids
Synthesis of nonessential amino acids
Urinary excretion of amino acids
Skeletal collagen metabolism

A

Oxidation of amino acids

34
Q

During maximal aerobic exercise, the primary energy source is:

Fatty Acids
Lactate
Glycogen
Glucose

A

Fatty Acids

35
Q

A set of 150 observations has a mean of 5 and a standard deviation of 1.5. The 95% confidence limits (95% CL) of the mean can be calculated by solving the formula:

95%CL = 5 ± (1.96)(1.5)
95%CL = 5 ± (1.96)[(1.5)2/150)]1/2
95%CL = 5 ± (1.96)[(1.5)1/2/150)]
95%CL = 5 ± (1.96)(1.5/150)1/2

A

95%CL = 5 ± (1.96)[(1.5)2/150)]1/2

36
Q

A cross-sectional study compared cardiovascular risk factors and resting metabolic rate (RMR) in 400 sedentary (SED) and 400 resistance trained (RT) young women. The measured RMR (mean ± standard error of the mean) were 4.32 ± 0.06 kJ/min and 3.99 ± 0.05 kJ/min, respectively. The valid interpretation of the RMR data is that:

RMRSED and RMRRT are not significantly different (p>0.05)
RMRSED and RMRRT are significantly different (p<0.05)
RMRSED and RMRRT are significantly correlated (p<0.05)
RMR is not affected by resistance training

A

RMRSED and RMRRT are significantly different (p<0.05)

37
Q

The phrase “p<.05” should be interpreted to mean that:

The probability of being correct is >95%
The probability of being incorrect is <5%
The results are less convincing than if “p” were “<.01”
The probability of the same result occurring by random chance is <5%

A

The probability of the same result occurring by random chance is <5%

38
Q

The relationship between 2 correlated variables is:

Causal
Random
Independent
Mathematical

A

Mathematical

39
Q

Meta-analysis is a quantitative approach for systematically combining the results of previous, non-definitive research in order to:

Improve the quality of the research data
Allow a conclusion to be drawn
Identify studies with positive results
Improve the power of the research

A

Allow a conclusion to be drawn

40
Q

The most difficult challenge facing a nutritionist or nutrition counselor is to:

Classify individuals
Assess nutritional status
Motivate behavior modification
Recommend solutions

A

Motivate behavior modification

CNS Exam June 2023 (10 decks)

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