CNS Primer Questions Section 1 Flashcards
Examples of dietary nutrients that are not absorbed directly into the enterohepatic portal blood system include:
Amino Acids
Medium-Chain Fatty Acids
Monosaccharides
Long-Chain Fatty Acids
Long-Chain Fatty Acids
The hormone responsible for the decrease in gastrointestinal smooth muscle tone and motility during pregnancy is:
Estrogen
Progesterone
Placental Lactogen
Human Chorionic Ghonadotropin
Progesterone
The ingestion of a meal containing large amounts of saturated fat will result in a transient increase in the serum concentration of:
Chylomicrons
Low-Density Lipoproteins
High-Density Lipoproteins
Micelles
Choylomicrons
The product of enterokinase reactions is:
Trypsin
Chymotrypsin
Pepsin
Carboxypeptidase
Trypsin
Most iron is transported in the blood via the plasma carrier:
Heme
Ferritin
Transferrin
Albumin
Transferrin
The organs most active in the synthesis of endogenous cholesterol are the liver and the:
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Adrenal Glands
Intestinal Mucosa
Intestinal Mucosa
Lactulose is a carbohydrate that is:
Absorbed in the small intestine
Absorbed in the large intestine
A nonabsorbable laxative
Not found in the human diet
A nonabsorbable laxative
Digested dietary protein is absorbed primarily in the:
Stomach
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Jejunum
Monosaccharides are transported across the placenta from the maternal circulation to the fetal circulation by the process of:
Simple Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
Active Transport
Pinocytosis
Facilitated Diffusion
If a bolus containing 600 mOsm/L enters the jejunum, the net direction of fluid movement in the intestinal tract will be:
From the intestinal lumen to the circulation
From the circulation to the intestinal lumen
Longitudinally along the mucosal basement membrane
From the circulation to the lymphoid system
From the circulation to the intestinal lumen
Excessive production of gas within the intestines may be caused by excessive colonic bacterial fermentation of unabsorbed:
Gluten
Small Peptides
Lignin
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
A major intracellular antioxidant is the nutrient:
Vitamin A
Thiamin
Glutathione
Ascorbic Acid
Glutathione
A required prerequisite to the digestion of proteins is the HCL-dependent process called:
Hydrolysis
Evaporation
Denaturation
Distillation
Denaturation
The true digestibility of dietary fatty acids is:
65%-75%
75%-85%
85%-95%
> 95%
> 95%
The structures of linoleic acid and gamma-linolenic acid differ in their:
Chain lengths
Double bond positions
Numbers of double bonds
Side chain moieties
Numbers of double bonds
An example of a compound that is not considered to be a component of dietary fiber is:
Pectin
Hemicellulose
Amylose
Cellulose
Amylose
Dietary fats and oils primarily are composed of:
Triglycerides
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
Saturated Fatty Acids
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids
Triglycerides
A nutrient is considered to be conditionally essential when:
It cannot be replaced by a metabolic precursor
It is malabsorbed
Its endogenous production becomes insufficient to satisfy needs
It requires a second essential nutrient to be effective
Its endogenous production becomes insufficient to satisfy needs
Vitamin reserves can become depleted because all vitamins are:
Synthesized inefficiently
Essential nutrients
Metabolized quickly
Excreted rapidly
Essential nutrients
The process of adding a nutrient to manufactured foods as a public health measure is called:
Restoration
Enrichment
Fortification
Supplementation
Fortification
Food additives can be used:
As effective preservatives
Without restriction
To compensate for improper processing practices
Without risk
As effective preservatives
Nutrification is the:
Addition of a nutrient to a food in order to assure the distribution of that nutrient to a target population group
Specific addition of thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and iron to white flour
Structural modification of complex carbohydrates
Addition of at least 25% of the RDA of a nutrient to a food product that has been designed to replace a meal or food item
Addition of a nutrient to a food in order to assure the distribution of that nutrient to a target population group
Ketones result from the metabolism of:
Fatty Acids
Simple Sugars
Amino Acids
Complex Carbohydrates
Fatty Acids
The plasmalemma does not incorporate:
Vitamin A
Vitamin E
Cholesterol
Phospholipids
Vitamin A
The failure of a tissue or organ to develop properly is called:
Neoplasia
Aplasia
Hyperplasia
Atrophy
Aplasia
Glutamine is the primary energy source for the:
Liver
Heart
Small Intestine
Brain
Small Intestine
The metabolic effects of insulin include stimulation of:
Adipocyte secretion of non-esterified fatty acids
Myocyte amino acid uptake
Hepatocyte gluconeogenisis
Myocyte glycogenesis
Myocyte amino acid uptake
The most common skeletal complication of chronic renal failure is:
Hyperostosis
Osteoporosis
Rickets
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
Most circulating cholesterol is eliminated from the body after metabolism to:
Lipoproteins
Phospholipids
Fecal Fat
Bile Acids
Bile Acids
Vitamin B12 is a required cofactor in the biochemical pathway through which glucose is produced from the amino acid:
Alanine
Valine
Methionine
Tyrosine
Valine
Copper is a component of:
Alkaline phosphatase
Glycosyl Transferase
Ceruloplasmin
Glucose Tolerance Factor
Ceruloplasmin
The decarboxylation of pyruvate involves a sequence of reactions that require, as coenzymes, the four vitamins:
Thiamin, pantothenic acid, riboflavin, and vitamin B12
Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and vitamin B12
Thiamin, pantothenic acid, riboflavin, and niacin
Biotin, niacin, pantothenic acid, and vitamin B12
Thiamin, pantothenic acid, riboflavin, and niacin
The size of the free amino acid pool in the human body is regulated by the rate of:
Oxidation of amino acids
Synthesis of nonessential amino acids
Urinary excretion of amino acids
Skeletal collagen metabolism
Oxidation of amino acids
During maximal aerobic exercise, the primary energy source is:
Fatty Acids
Lactate
Glycogen
Glucose
Fatty Acids
A set of 150 observations has a mean of 5 and a standard deviation of 1.5. The 95% confidence limits (95% CL) of the mean can be calculated by solving the formula:
95%CL = 5 ± (1.96)(1.5)
95%CL = 5 ± (1.96)[(1.5)2/150)]1/2
95%CL = 5 ± (1.96)[(1.5)1/2/150)]
95%CL = 5 ± (1.96)(1.5/150)1/2
95%CL = 5 ± (1.96)[(1.5)2/150)]1/2
A cross-sectional study compared cardiovascular risk factors and resting metabolic rate (RMR) in 400 sedentary (SED) and 400 resistance trained (RT) young women. The measured RMR (mean ± standard error of the mean) were 4.32 ± 0.06 kJ/min and 3.99 ± 0.05 kJ/min, respectively. The valid interpretation of the RMR data is that:
RMRSED and RMRRT are not significantly different (p>0.05)
RMRSED and RMRRT are significantly different (p<0.05)
RMRSED and RMRRT are significantly correlated (p<0.05)
RMR is not affected by resistance training
RMRSED and RMRRT are significantly different (p<0.05)
The phrase “p<.05” should be interpreted to mean that:
The probability of being correct is >95%
The probability of being incorrect is <5%
The results are less convincing than if “p” were “<.01”
The probability of the same result occurring by random chance is <5%
The probability of the same result occurring by random chance is <5%
The relationship between 2 correlated variables is:
Causal
Random
Independent
Mathematical
Mathematical
Meta-analysis is a quantitative approach for systematically combining the results of previous, non-definitive research in order to:
Improve the quality of the research data
Allow a conclusion to be drawn
Identify studies with positive results
Improve the power of the research
Allow a conclusion to be drawn
The most difficult challenge facing a nutritionist or nutrition counselor is to:
Classify individuals
Assess nutritional status
Motivate behavior modification
Recommend solutions
Motivate behavior modification
