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Phar 714 > Vitamin A > Flashcards

Vitamin A Flashcards

1
Q

is vitamin A fat soluble?

A

yes

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2
Q

which vitamins are fat soluble? (multiple answers)

a. vitamin A
b. vitamin B
c. vitamin C
d. vitamin D
e. vitamin E
f. vitamin K

A

a,d,e,f

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3
Q

In 1917, who discovered vitamin A?

a. William Fulton
b. Peter Thomas
c. Elmer McCollum
d. Adolf Schmidt

A

c

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4
Q

What are the three natural structural forms of vitamin A?

a. Retinol
b. beta-4-hydrous-retinol
c. 3,4-dehydro-retinol
d. 4,5-hydroxy-retinol
e. Retinal
f. Retinoid
g. 3-hydroxy-retinol

A

a,c,g

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5
Q

which organic structure is found in all three structural forms of vitamin A?

a. tertiary amine
b. trimethyl benzenedisulfonic acid ring
c. dimethyl triphenol ring
d. trimethyl cyclohexenyl ring

A

d

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6
Q

which organic structure is found in all three structural forms of vitamin A?

a. cis configured chain with four double bonds
b. trans configured chain with three double bonds
c. trans configured chain with four double bonds
d. cis configured chain with three double bonds

A

c

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7
Q

dietary vitamin A is obtained in foods as?

A

retinyl esters

provitamin A

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8
Q

what source provides vitamin A?

A

carotenoids in plant food

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9
Q

what are the 5 different derivatives of carotenoid?

a. lysine
b. b-carotene
c. a-carotidine
d. lycopene
e. a-carotene
f. a-carosine
g. lutein
h. b-crypotxanthin

A

b,d,e,g,h

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10
Q

what is the neurological form of vitamin A?

a. Retinoic acid
b. Retinal
c. Retinol
d. Retinoid

A

b. Retinal

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11
Q

what is the hormonal form of vitamin A?

a. Retinoic acid
b. Retinal
c. Retinol
d. Retinoid

A

a. Retinoic acid

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12
Q

Retinal helps with what body function?

a. visual perception
b. dermal inflammation
c. dermal infection
d. induction of red blood cell production

A

a

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13
Q

what is the predominant storage site of vitamin A?

a. kidneys
b. liver
c. fat
d. muscle

A

b

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14
Q

what form is vitamin A stored as?

a. Retinal
b. Retinol
c. Retinyl esthers
d. Retinoic acid

A

c

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15
Q

Retinoid drugs are used to treat?

a. fever
b. diabetes
c. acne
d. malaria

A

c

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16
Q

how do retinol activity equivalents (RAE) relate to beta-carotene intake?

a. 1ug of RAE= 1ug of B-carotene in oil
b. 1ug of RAE= 12ug of B-carotene in food
c. 1ug of RAE= 2ug of B-carotene in food
d. 10ug of RAE= 1ug of B-carotene in food

A

b

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17
Q

Speaking in terms of molecules, how many retinol activity equivalent molecules are there to B-carotene molecules?

a. 1 molecule of RAE= 2 molecules of B-carotene
b. 2 molecules of RAE= 1 molecule of B-carotene
c. 1 molecule of RAE= 2 molecules of B-carotene
d. 1 molecule of RAE= 12 molecules of B-carotene

A

a

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18
Q

how do retinol activity equivalents (RAE) relate to retinol intake?

a. 1ug of RAE= 1ug of retinol
b. 3ug of RAE= 1ug of retinol
c. 1ug of RAE= 2ug of retinol
d. 2ug of RAE= 1ug of retinol

A

a

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19
Q

how do retinol activity equivalents (RAE) relate to beta-carotene intake?

a. 1ug of RAE= 2ug of B-carotene in food
b. 10ug of RAE= 1ug of B-carotene in food
c. 1ug of RAE= 2ug of B-carotene in oil
d. 1ug of RAE= 1ug of B-carotene in oil

A

c

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20
Q

1ug of RAE is equal to 24ug of which structures? (multiple answers)

a. provitamin-A
b. B-carotene
c. carotenoids
d. lycopene
e. a-carotene
f. y-carotene
g. B-carotinoid
h. B-cryptoxanthin

A

a,c,e,f,h

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21
Q

What is not true of the effects provitamin A carotenoids has in the body?

a. Antioxidant
b. Cell proliferation
c. Anti-microbial
d. Apoptosis
e. Anti-inflammatory
f. Cellular communication

A

c

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22
Q

Free retinol is:

a. excreted through the urine
b. bound to transport proteins in the blood
c. metabolizes into retinoic acid in the liver
d. absorbed in the small intestine

A

d

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23
Q

Both retinol and retinoic acid are transported using a:

a. specific binding protein
b. do not require a binding protein
c. passive diffusion transport
d. specific binding enzyme

A

a

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24
Q

what do chylomicrons do?

A

help deliver esterases to other parts of the body

25
Q

T/F carotenoid can passively diffuse from the small intestine into the cell

A

True

26
Q

Which transports facilitate the transport of carotenoid from the small intestine into the cell? (multiple answers)

a. CTD7
b. SR-BI
c. CD-SL
d. CD36
e. RA42
f. ABCG5

A

b,d,f

27
Q

carotenoid is converted to retinal in the cell by which enzyme?

a. retinal reductase
b. retinal acyltransferase
c. beta-carotene mono oxygenase 1
d. alpha-carotene mono oxygenase 1

A

c

28
Q

which enzyme converts retinal into retinol in the cell?

a. retinal reductase
b. retinol acyltransferase
c. retinal acyltransferase
d. retinol reductase

A

a

29
Q

which enzyme converts retinol into retinyl-palmitate in the cell?

a. retinol reductase
b. retinol acyltransferase
c. retinol carboxyltransferase
d. retinol methyltransferase

A

b

30
Q

what form of vitamin A is distributed to the bloodstream and tissues?

A

retinyl esthers

31
Q

T/F humans need daily intake of vitamin A to avoid deficiency

A

False, humans store vitamin A in liver and we can go months without consuming it

32
Q

what complex is formed when retinol binds to proteins before entering the cell?

a. retinol-binding protein-lecithin complex
b. retinol-binding protein-transthyretin complex
c. retinol-binding protein-cisthyretin complex
d. retinol-binding protein-extrahepatic complex

A

b

33
Q

what is CRBP1 important for?

a. delivers retinol throughout the cell
b. transporting retinol into the urine for excretion
c. binding to retinol in the lumen for transport
d. allows the retinol-binding protein to attach to retinol which allows it to be transported into cells

A

a

34
Q

what is one receptor that attaches to retinol to be translocated across the cell membrane after being carried in the bloodstream?

a. ABCG5
b. LRAT
c. Stra6
d. TTR

A

c

35
Q

Can retinol diffuse through the lipid bilayer? Why or why not?

A

Yes, it is lipophilic

36
Q

what form of vitamin A is excreted from the body?

a. retinol
b. retinal
c. retinoid
d. retinoic acid

A

d

37
Q

T/F retinoic acid can be transported to the nucleus by CRABP1

A

True

38
Q

Inside the nucleus, retinoic acid does what function?

a. prevents transcription of certain enzymes
b. increase or decrease transcription of certain enzymes
c. can cause DNA mutation

A

b

39
Q

what is the relationship between parenchymal liver cells and retinyl esters?

A

most retinyl esters are taken up by parenchymal liver cells where they are stored or used

40
Q

most RA catabolites are excreted by:

a. urine
b. bile
c. GI tract

A

b

41
Q

T/F urine is a good thing to test to determine levels of vitamin A in the body

A

False, it is not useful

42
Q

Holo-RBP is filtered into the ______ but recovered from the ________ and recycled

A

glomerulus, kidney tubule

43
Q

what do rods contain?

a. rhodopsin
b. lycopene
c. lysine
d. kalemia

A

a

44
Q

what is another name for the visual cycle?

a. Wald’s visual cycle
b. rhodopsin cycle
c. Sterling’s visual cycle
d. a and b
e. b and c

A

d

45
Q

what is the active ingredient of the drug tretinoin?

a. retinoid
b. retinal
c. tretinoid
d. retinoic acid

A

d

46
Q

what does vitamin A reduce the risk of? (multiple answers)

a. Liver disease
b. Cardiovascular disease
c. Cancer
d. Dermatitis
e. Vascular disease
f. Post-natal color blindness
g. Eye disease

A

b,c,e,g

47
Q

when applied externally, vitamin A can help treat: (multiple answers)

a. acne
b. dermatitis
c. impetigo
d. rash
e. boils
f. skin ulcers
g. hives
h. centralized pain

A

a,c,e,f

48
Q

T/F vitamin A has a strong effect on the immunity of the body

A

True

49
Q

Why are oral retinoids not to be used by women who may become pregnant?

a. increases complications of brain and cardiac development in the fetus
b. can cause the eyes to not properly develop in the fetus, resulting in blindness
c. can cause the fetus to be immunocompromised once born
d. can decrease liver development in the fetus

A

a

50
Q

vitamin A is beneficial for high blood sugar because?

a. it causes hypoglycemia by stimulating insulin secretion
b. it causes hypoglycemia by inhibiting glucose secretion
c. it prevents glucose from entering the bloodstream

A

a

51
Q

Why is retinoic acid important for cancer prevention?

a. prevents DNA mutation
b. decreases cell growth
c. prevents tumorigenesis
d. stimulates DNA replication

A

c

52
Q

diseases such as Crohn’s disease might induce deficiency of vitamin A. What is the primary reason this occurs?

a. inhibition of retinol reductase
b. inhibition of retinol dehydrogenase
c. reduces the body’s ability to absorb fat
d. prevents the liver from storing retinyl esthers

A

c

53
Q

what are some ocular symptoms from vitamin A deficiency? (multiple answers)

a. Hue’s syndrome
b. Night blindness
c. Xerosis (corneal and conjunctival)
d. Retinal-necrosis syndrome
e. Bitot’s spot
f. Keratomalacia
g. Ketocarotinia
h. Carotinosis

A

b,c,e,f

54
Q

which of these are symptoms caused by vitamin A deficiency? (multiple answers)

a. Folliculitis
b. Dermatitis
c. Follicular hyperkeratosis
d. Anorexia
e. Balemia
f. Cell proliferation
g. Growth retardation
h. Increased respiratory and intestinal infection
i. Pulmonary necrosis
j. thinnig of enamel

A

c,d,g,h,j

55
Q

What form of vitamin A is given to treat deficiencies

a. Retinal
b. Retinoid
c. Retinoic acid
d. Retinol

A

d

56
Q

what symptoms can hypervitaminosis A cause? (multiple answers)

a. dizziness
b. fatigue
c. lethargy
d. pallor
e. abdominal discomfort
f. blurry vision
g. anorexia
h. vomiting

A

b,c,e,g,h

57
Q

T/F overconsumption of vitamin A may increase bone fracture risk

A

True

58
Q

T/F reduces vitamin A circulation can cause iron deficiency

A

True

59
Q

Which of these drugs have interactions with vitamin A?

a. Drugs ending in “in/ene”
b. Drugs ending in “cline”
c. cholestyramine
d. warfarin
e. all of the above

A

e

Phar 714 (10 decks)

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